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Immunology > L8 T Cell Immunity > Flashcards

L8 T Cell Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Intracellular parasites

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2
Q

Examples of non-enveloped (naked) viruses:

A

Norovirus, Poliovirus

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3
Q

Examples of enveloped viruses:

A

Influenza virus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

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4
Q

How do naked viruses work?

A

They infect the cell and cause cell lysis. The progeny viruses then escape

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5
Q

How do enveloped viruses work?

A

During infection, viral envelope proteins insert into the cell membrane of an infected cell. The progeny viruses then ‘bud off’

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6
Q

How can virus envelope proteins on the surface of an infected cell be targeted?

A
  1. Antibody/complement: lysis & phagocytosis

2. ADCC, leading to apoptosis

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7
Q

T cells only recognise short peptides (result from protein degradation in proteasome) when…

A

they are bound to MHC molecules on either APCs or infected cells

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8
Q

What is the main role of T cells?

A

eliminate microbes that survive inside cells

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9
Q

Do T cells recognise cell-associated or ‘free’ antigens?

A

cell-associated antigens (e.g. viruses and M. tuberculosis)

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10
Q

TCR α and β chains have a net __ charge

A

positive

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11
Q

How many other proteins is TCR non-covalently associated with?

A

5 other proteins (CD3 complex)

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12
Q

Transmembrane portions of ε 𝛾 δ ζ contain __ charged __ __ residues

A

NEGATIVELY charged ASPARTIC ACID residues

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13
Q

What makes up the ‘tri-molecular complex’

A

TCR/Antigen/MHC

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14
Q

What happens during thymic education?

A

Any T cells that could potentially attack our own ‘self-antigens’ on/in cells/tissues are eliminated

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15
Q

What cells are involved in the process of thymic education?

A

Interdigitating dendritic cells, cortical epithelial cells, macrophages

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16
Q

Thymocytes are derived from…

A

lymphoid stem cells

17
Q

Positive selection of T cells for dual recognition of:

A
  1. Functional TCR on T cell surface

2. Recognises MHC molecules on APC surface

18
Q

What does negative selection involve?

A

Deletion of ‘self-reacting’ T cells. Ff TCR recognises self-antigens, it is killed by APCs → apoptosis

19
Q

Where does T cell education take place?

A

Thymus

20
Q

Which chemokine attracts progenitors to the thymus?

A

CCL25

21
Q

Which cytokine supports thymocyte proliferation?

A

IL-7

22
Q

What do MHC and HLA stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Human Leukocyte Antigens

23
Q

What genes are responsible for tissue/organ rejection?

A

MHC genes

24
Q

Random recombination of V & J genes occurs in TCRs. Is this also seen in MHC genes?

A

No

25
Q

The MHC genes are inherited as…

A

distinct genetic loci (you inherit one MHC copy from your mother and one from your father)

26
Q

What are the 3 MHC Class 1 genes?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C (a single gene for each, producing a single α chain protein)

27
Q

What are the 3 MHC Class 2 genes?

A

HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR (2 genes for each, producing an α chain & a β chain)

28
Q

Every individual has their own set of MHC genes: True or False

A

True

29
Q

How are MHC proteins expressed?

A

Co-dominantly expressed - 2 of each of the 6 types are expressed (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR)

30
Q

Are genes within the MHC chromosomal locus tightly linked?

A

Yes - this means that they’re inherited as a unit called a haplotype. We inherit one MHC haplotype from each parent (people are usually heterozygous)

31
Q

Where are MHC I proteins expressed?

A

On the surface of all nucleated cells (they present self-antigens & virus antigens to CTLs)

32
Q

Where are MHC II proteins mainly found?

A

On the surface of APCs (present foreign antigens to Th cells)

33
Q

Does the MHC/peptide complex have a short or long half-life?

A

Long

34
Q

What is the significance of each MHC having different amino acid residues in its cleft?

A

Different MHC alleles favour binding of different peptides

35
Q

Proteins degraded in __ normally provide peptides for MHC Class I

A

proteosomes

36
Q

Proteins degraded in __ provide peptides for MHC Class II

A

endo-lysosomes

37
Q

To which cells can dendritic cells cross-present?

A

CD4+ Th cells, CD8+ CTLs

Immunology (10 decks)

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