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Immunology > L4&5 Lymphoid Organs & Cell Migration > Flashcards

L4&5 Lymphoid Organs & Cell Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What do Th cells produce?

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

How many antigen binding domains do B cells have?

A

2 - heavy chain & light chain

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3
Q

Is the immunity to viruses/cancer different to the immunity to bacteria/fungi?

A

Yes - viruses are intracellular parasites - need that extra level (T cell immunity)

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4
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs, and what are they sites of?

A

Bone marrow & thymus

Sites of haemopoiesis

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5
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs, and what are they home to?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, GALT

Home to most non-circulating immune cells

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6
Q

Where do neutrophils originate?

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

Do neutrophils circulate?

A

No - one way journey to an infection, phagocytose, then die

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8
Q

Where do DCs travel?

A

From bone marrow to spleen and tissues

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9
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

To protect against septicaemia

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10
Q

What do cytokines act as?

A

Intercellular communication molecules

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11
Q

What are the features of cytokines?

A

Pleiotropic - many functions
Redundant - some can mediate a similar function
Extremely potent mediators - interact with high affinity receptors

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12
Q

To what does IL-2 bind?

A

High affinity IL-2 receptor aka CD25

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13
Q

What is the IL-2R composed of?

A

IL-2Rα chain, IL-2Rβ chain, IL-2Rγ chain

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14
Q

What is required for full activation of the IL-2R?

A

Phosphorylation of residues on IL-2Rβ by JAKs phosphorylate tyrosine kinase. Signal transduction is then delivered to the nucleus via Ras-MAPK & PI3K-Akt pathways. IL-2Rα chain has no signal transducing activity itself

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15
Q

How many different subclasses of Th cells are there?

A

4

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16
Q

Patients with severe COVID-19 have higher serum levels of what, compared with individuals with mild disease?

A

Proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8)

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17
Q

How many faces does IL-6 have?

A

2 faces - Th1 and Th2 cytokine

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18
Q

What happens to cells with a functional BCR/TCR?

A

They are then selected for tolerance to self-antigens and recognition of non-self-antigens (pathogens)

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19
Q

What is Leucomax?

A

A recombinant GM-CSF (used in chemotherapy to target rapidly dividing cells in bone marrow, usually mid week between cycles, results in neutropenia)

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20
Q

What is Neulasta (Amgen)?

A

A recombinant G-CSF

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21
Q

Do most B cells reach circulation?

A

No

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22
Q

Why do most B cells never reach circulation?

A

They fail to make a BCR or are autoreactive

23
Q

What happens if B cells recognise the body’s own self-antigens?

A

They are killed by apoptosis

24
Q

Where does T cell education take place?

A

Thymus

25
Q

What happens to the thymus as we get older?

A

It shrinks

26
Q

What is found in the outer cortex of the thymus?

A

Immature proliferating thymocytes

27
Q

What is found in the inner medulla of the thymus?

A

More mature thymocytes

28
Q

What does the spleen monitor?

A

Blood-borne infections

29
Q

What does the white pulp of the spleen contain?

A

T cells and B cells, arranged around PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath)

30
Q

What does the red pulp of the spleen do?

A

Removes aging RBCs & platelets, then they are phagocytosed by macrophages

31
Q

What happens to a naive lymphocyte when it is activated by recognising its antigen?

A

It is retained and undergoes clonal expansion, it then differentiates into effector cells (days later), and exits lymph node

32
Q

What is the B cell area of the lymph node?

A

Cortex

33
Q

What are the T cell areas of the lymph node?

A

Paracortex and medulla

34
Q

Where does homing of immune cells from circulation occur?

A

HEV (high endothelial venule) sites

35
Q

What does the primary follicle of the lymph node contain?

A

Mainly mature naive B cells

36
Q

What is the site of B cell proliferation after antigen recognition?

A

Germinal centre of secondary follicle

37
Q

Where is MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue) found?

A

GI, respiratory & genitourinary tracts
GALT(GI-associated) in gut and BALT (bronchus-associated) in lungs
Intestine: mesenteric LNs, Peyer’s patches (mainly lower ileum)

38
Q

5 classic symptoms of inflammation:

A

redness (rubor), heat (calor), pain (dolar), swelling (tumor), altered function

39
Q

What is inflammation characterised by?

A

Immune cell migration, serum protein & cellular leakage into inflammatory site (oedema)

40
Q

Where can cell migration take place?

A
  1. to sites of infection and inflammation
  2. from blood to lymph and vice versa
  3. from primary to secondary lymphoid organs
  4. between secondary lymphoid organs
41
Q

What is the significance of 1-2% of cells circulating per day?

A

There is a better chance of encounter with a foreign pathogen

42
Q

What are the 3 components of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. blood supply is increased to the area
  2. capillary permeability increases, allowing exudation of serum proteins in surrounding tissue (Abs & complement, acute-phase proteins)
  3. leukocyte migration to site: phased appearance
43
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Directional migration of cells up a concentration gradient of chemotactic molecules

44
Q

What is chemokinesis?

A

Non-directional movement

45
Q

What is a chemotactic source?

A

Site of inflammation, tissue damage, parasitic infection, complement C5a, or immune reactions

46
Q

What are the 2 binding sites of chemokines?

A
  1. to proteoglycans on blood side of blood vessels

2. to chemokine receptors on leukocytes

47
Q

What produces IL-8 (CXCL7), and what does IL-8 do?

A

IL-8 is produced by macrophages and it attracts neutrophils to the site of infection/inflammation

48
Q

What chemokines are abbreviated by CXC?

A

α chemokines

49
Q

What chemokines are abbreviated by CC?

A

β chemokines

50
Q

What does C5a do, besides act as a complement protein?

A

It is a chemoattractant for neutrophils & macrophages

51
Q

What happens during the Acute Phase Response?

A

Increase in the appearance of various proteins in circulation i.e. cytokines & anti-microbial proteins. Activated macrophages & DCs following recognition of PAMPs

52
Q

Are CRP levels increased or decreased in severe COVID-19 cases?

A

Increased

53
Q

In response to what cytokines does CRP synthesis in the liver increase 1000-fold during infection?

A

IL-1 and IL-6

IL-6 is also elevated in severe COVID-19 cases

Immunology (10 decks)

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