L8 Parental Care

Question 1

parental care is behavior that facilitates…

Answer 1

offspring growth, development, and/or survivorship after fertilization

Question 2

3 types of parental care

Answer 2

1) maternal
2) paternal
3) alloparental (non-parent)

Question 3

ultimate goal of parental care

Answer 3

support offspring until they reach reproductive age

Question 4

direct parental care (interactions with young)

Answer 4

• incubation / thermoregulation
• retrieval
• food provisioning
• pregnancy and lactation

Question 5

indirect parental care (not a direct interaction with young)

Answer 5

• nest building
• defense

Question 6

parental investment

Answer 6

time and energy invested in the production and care of offspring

Question 7

parental investment is subdivided into…

Answer 7

mating effort and parental care

Question 8

mating system 4 classifications

Answer 8

1) monogamy - biparental care
2) polygyny - maternal care
3) polyandry - paternal care
4) promiscuity - absence of parental care

Question 9

parental care evolves when…

Answer 9

the fitness benefit to the offspring is greater than the fitness costs to the parents

Question 10

expression of parental behavior generally correlates with…

Answer 10

offspring age and development

Question 11

altricial

Answer 11

immature offspring requiring significant parental care

Question 12

precocial

Answer 12

offspring is more mobile and independent after birth

Question 13

internally fertilizing species mostly show what kind of care?

Answer 13

maternal or biparental care

Question 14

parental care of externally fertilizing species varies depending on…

Answer 14

which sex can escape first

Question 15

parental care internal stimuli

Answer 15

hormones, genetics

Question 16

parental care external stimuli

Answer 16

offspring

Question 17

repeated exposure to offspring effect on parental care

Answer 17

induces parental care

Question 18

begging behavior in offspring effect on parental care

Answer 18

elicits parental care

Question 19

removal of offspring effect on parental care

Answer 19

eliminates parental care

Question 20

Lehrman observed correlations between…

Answer 20

gland size and reproductive behaviors

Question 21

Lehrman hypothesizes that…

Answer 21

hormones could play a role (estrogens, progestins, prolactin)

Question 22

most seasonally breeding birds show increases…

Answer 22

PRL release during parental care in both sexes

Question 23

behavior (including parental care) is mediated by…

Answer 23

the CNS (hormones have their effects by modifying the CNS)

Question 24

3 brain regions involved in avian parental care

Answer 24

1) preoptic area (POA)
2) ventromedial nuclei (VMN)
3) paraventricular nuclei (PVN)

Question 25

most mammalian species show what type of care?

Answer 25

maternal care only (few exceptions)

Question 26

most mammalian species have hormonal control of...

Answer 26

rapid-onset maternal behavior

Question 27

most mammalian species can learn...

Answer 27

parental care with practice

Question 28

6 brain regions involved in rodent parental care

Answer 28

POA, olfactory bulbs, amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 29

what happens when ewe is injected with OTC?

Answer 29

it'll become attached to unfamiliar lambs

Question 30

what happened when OTC antagonists were applied to ewes?

Answer 30

blocked bonding to its own lambs

Question 31

2 hormones that play a role in paternal care

Answer 31

PRL and T