L8 - Making it Stick Flashcards
What are the ten principles of learning?
- Rate of learning
- Distributed practice
- Simple repetition
- Importance of testing and feedback
- Motivation
- Arousal
- Meaningfulness
- Dual recording
- Studying with a friend
- Levels of processing
What is rate of learning?
Time spent influences retention rates
What is distributed practice?
Rehearsing little and often is better than cramming
What is simple repetition?
Low level, mechanical recycling of information (e.g. browsing through slides)
What is another term for simple repetition?
rote learning/type 1/maintenance rehearsal
Explain the importance of testing and feedback.
Memory will be better if you come up with the answer yourself, and therefore testing of information is vital. Feedback reduces repetition of errors.
What is the generation effect?
Better memory if you ‘generate’ the answer yourself.
What is motivation in relation to learning?
Motivation affects time and attention spent on learning, but does not directly affect recall. (indirectly affects recall - more time spent increases recall ability).
What is arousal in relation to learning?
There is an optimal level of arousal for memory to work best.
If testing is immediate, learning in the morning is better. If testing is after a delay, afternoon learning is better.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
There is an optimal level of arousal for memory to work best.
What is meaningfulness in relation to learning principles?
The more meaningful, the easier it is to learn.
What is the organisation principle?
Memory is a function of how items/events are related to each other.
What is dual recording?
More than one type of code aids learning. (e.g. not just all text on lecture slides)
Explain how studying with a friend aids learning.
Explanations force more active role in revision.
Also new insights, connections between ideas and retrieval paths can develop, leading to better recall.
What are levels of processing?
Amount of information in long term memory depends how deeply it is processed during learning. More shallow processing leads to the creation of more fragile and simple memory traces, which are more fragile.