L5 - Long Term Memory

Question 1

What is declarative memory?

Answer 1

The ability to recall what you know, including details such as the time, place and circumstances of an event.

Question 2

What is explicit memory?

Answer 2

The ability to recall what you know, including details such as the time, place and circumstances of an event

Question 3

What are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 3

• Declarative/Explicit

- Non-declarative/Implicit

Question 4

What are the two types of declarative/explicit memory?

Answer 4

• Semantic

- Episodic

Question 5

How is explicit information processed?

Answer 5

In a top-down, conceptually driven manner.

The information can be re-organised by the individual.

Question 6

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 6

The type of abilities or memories that you cannot explain how you know.

Question 7

What are the subtypes of non-declarative memory?

Answer 7

• procedural knowledge
• priming
• conditioning

Question 8

What is implicit memory?

Answer 8

The type of abilities or memories that you cannot explain how you know.

Question 9

What is semantic memory?

Answer 9

A form of long-term memory consisting of general knowledge about the world, such as concepts and language.

Question 10

What is episodic memory?

Answer 10

A form of long term memory concerned with personal experiences or episodes occurring in a specific time or place.

Question 11

What is priming?

Answer 11

Facilitating the processing of and response to a target by presenting a stimulus related to it sometime beforehand.

Question 12

What is procedural memory?

Answer 12

A form of memory that enables the performance of skilled actions (e.g. riding a bike, etc)

Question 13

How is implicit information processed?

Answer 13

In a bottom up/data driven manner.

Question 14

How is implicit information encoded?

Answer 14

The same way it was perceived - it is not re-organised by the individual, who has a passive role.

Question 15

What is priming in the brain called?

Answer 15

The repetition suppression effect.

Question 16

Name 7 types of memory tests

Answer 16

• Free recall
• Cued recall
• Forced-choice recognition
• Yes/No recognition
• Lexical decision
• Word Fragment completion
• Word stem completion

Question 17

What is free recall?

Answer 17

A type of memory test which involves a list of items being read/seen. They are then recalled back by PPS, upon removal of the words from view.

Question 18

What is cued recall?

Answer 18

A type of memory test in which a semantic clue about the word to be remembered is given to aid recall

e.g. which words did you study with ‘breakfast’?

Question 19

What is forced choice recognition?

Answer 19

A type of memory test where a pair of words is presented. PPS then have to choose which of those words they have studied before.

Question 20

What is yes/no recognition?

Answer 20

Type of memory test in which participants are asked whether or not a specific word has been studied previously.

Question 21

What is lexical decision?

Answer 21

A type of memory test in which participants are asked if they believe certain words are lexical items (legitimate words)

e.g. is ‘loni’ a lexical item/legitimate word?

Question 22

What is word fragment completion?

Answer 22

A type of memory test in which random letters are supplied and pps must fill in the missing letters to form any word.

_o_a_le

–> lovable

Question 23

What is word stem completion?

Answer 23

A type of memory test in which a word stem is supplied and pps must state the whole word.

lov_ _ _ _

–> lovable

Question 24

Name 4 types of explicit memory tests

Answer 24

• Free recall
• Cued recall
• Forced-choice
• Yes/No recognition

Question 25

Name 3 types of implicit memory tests

Answer 25

• Lexical decision
• Word fragment completion
• Word stem completion

Question 26

What is amnesia?

Answer 26

Loss of memory

Question 27

What brain deficiencies did Patient H.M suffer?

Answer 27

His hippocampus and surrounding sub cortical structures were removed to help cure his suffering of epilepsy.

Question 28

What could patient H.M not do after their brain damage?

Answer 28

Could not make any (new) explicit memories

Question 29

What could patient H.M still do despite the brain damage they suffered?

Answer 29

Could still remember some events that occurred before surgery.
Still had an intact implicit and short term memory

Question 30

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 30

The reduced ability to remember information acquired after the onset of amnesia.

Question 31

Which 5 distinct structures can be found in the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 31

• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Entorhinal cortex
• Perirhinal cortex
• Parahippocampal cortex

Question 32

Which connections are responsible for explicit memory?

Answer 32

Reciprocal connections between the 5 structures in the medial temporal lobe and the dorsolateral and ventrolateral frontal cortex.

Question 33

Which condition did patient J.K have?

Answer 33

Parkinson’s disease

Question 34

Which damage did patient J.K suffer from?

Answer 34

Damage to basal ganglia

Question 35

How did patient J.K’s memory function suffer from his brain damage?

Answer 35

Patient J.K’s implicit memory was impaired.

His explicit memory remained intact.

Question 36

Where has implicit memory been suggested to originate from?

Answer 36

Basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, substantia nigra and the premotor cortex.