L5 - Long Term Memory Flashcards
What is declarative memory?
The ability to recall what you know, including details such as the time, place and circumstances of an event.
What is explicit memory?
The ability to recall what you know, including details such as the time, place and circumstances of an event
What are the two types of long term memory?
- Declarative/Explicit
- Non-declarative/Implicit
What are the two types of declarative/explicit memory?
- Semantic
- Episodic
How is explicit information processed?
In a top-down, conceptually driven manner.
The information can be re-organised by the individual.
What is non-declarative memory?
The type of abilities or memories that you cannot explain how you know.
What are the subtypes of non-declarative memory?
- procedural knowledge
- priming
- conditioning
What is implicit memory?
The type of abilities or memories that you cannot explain how you know.
What is semantic memory?
A form of long-term memory consisting of general knowledge about the world, such as concepts and language.
What is episodic memory?
A form of long term memory concerned with personal experiences or episodes occurring in a specific time or place.
What is priming?
Facilitating the processing of and response to a target by presenting a stimulus related to it sometime beforehand.
What is procedural memory?
A form of memory that enables the performance of skilled actions (e.g. riding a bike, etc)
How is implicit information processed?
In a bottom up/data driven manner.
How is implicit information encoded?
The same way it was perceived - it is not re-organised by the individual, who has a passive role.
What is priming in the brain called?
The repetition suppression effect.
Name 7 types of memory tests
- Free recall
- Cued recall
- Forced-choice recognition
- Yes/No recognition
- Lexical decision
- Word Fragment completion
- Word stem completion
What is free recall?
A type of memory test which involves a list of items being read/seen. They are then recalled back by PPS, upon removal of the words from view.
What is cued recall?
A type of memory test in which a semantic clue about the word to be remembered is given to aid recall
e.g. which words did you study with ‘breakfast’?
What is forced choice recognition?
A type of memory test where a pair of words is presented. PPS then have to choose which of those words they have studied before.
What is yes/no recognition?
Type of memory test in which participants are asked whether or not a specific word has been studied previously.
What is lexical decision?
A type of memory test in which participants are asked if they believe certain words are lexical items (legitimate words)
e.g. is ‘loni’ a lexical item/legitimate word?
What is word fragment completion?
A type of memory test in which random letters are supplied and pps must fill in the missing letters to form any word.
_o_a_le
–> lovable
What is word stem completion?
A type of memory test in which a word stem is supplied and pps must state the whole word.
lov_ _ _ _
–> lovable
Name 4 types of explicit memory tests
- Free recall
- Cued recall
- Forced-choice
- Yes/No recognition
Name 3 types of implicit memory tests
- Lexical decision
- Word fragment completion
- Word stem completion
What is amnesia?
Loss of memory
What brain deficiencies did Patient H.M suffer?
His hippocampus and surrounding sub cortical structures were removed to help cure his suffering of epilepsy.
What could patient H.M not do after their brain damage?
Could not make any (new) explicit memories
What could patient H.M still do despite the brain damage they suffered?
Could still remember some events that occurred before surgery.
Still had an intact implicit and short term memory
What is anterograde amnesia?
The reduced ability to remember information acquired after the onset of amnesia.
Which 5 distinct structures can be found in the medial temporal lobe?
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Entorhinal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
- Parahippocampal cortex
Which connections are responsible for explicit memory?
Reciprocal connections between the 5 structures in the medial temporal lobe and the dorsolateral and ventrolateral frontal cortex.
Which condition did patient J.K have?
Parkinson’s disease
Which damage did patient J.K suffer from?
Damage to basal ganglia
How did patient J.K’s memory function suffer from his brain damage?
Patient J.K’s implicit memory was impaired.
His explicit memory remained intact.
Where has implicit memory been suggested to originate from?
Basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, substantia nigra and the premotor cortex.
