L8. Hypertension

Question 1

hydrochlorothiazides

Answer 1

• diuretic
• thiazides
• block Na+/Cl- symporter and increase Ca2+ reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule
• decrease sodium reabsorption and decrease water reabsorption and increase water excretion which decreases BP

Question 2

furosemide

Answer 2

• diuretic
• loop diuretic
• block Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter and increases Ca2+ excretion in thick ascending loop of nephron
• decrease sodium reabsorption and decrease water reabsorption and increase water excretion which decreases BP

Question 3

clonidine

Answer 3

• sympathoplegic
• centrally acting agents, alpha-2 selective agonist
• reduces presynaptic stimulation of sympathetic neurons

Question 4

reserpine

Answer 4

• sympathoplegic
• ganglion blocker, nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist
• blocks nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the ANS blocking sympathetic propagation stimulation signals

Question 5

prazosin

Answer 5

• sympathoplegic
• alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist
• reduces sympathetic drive in blood vessels

Question 6

propranolol

Answer 6

• sympathoplegic
• beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist
• reduces sympathetic drive in the heart by reducing its contractility

Question 7

nitroprusside

Answer 7

• vasodilator
• nitrovasodilator
• increases activity of soluble guanylate cyclase which relaxes vascular smooth muscles

Question 8

diazoxide

Answer 8

• vasodilator
• K+ channel agonist
• hyperpolarization of cell which inhibits sympathetic stimulation which leads to relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 9

captopril

Answer 9

• angiotensin antagonist
• ACE inhibitor
• prevents the conversion from angiotensin I to angiotensin II
• prevents the constrictive activity of angiotensin II
• thus results in a decrease of the arterial constriction and resistance
• prevents breakdown of bradykinin

Question 10

losartan

Answer 10

• angiotensin antagonist
• AT1 receptor antagonist
• competitive inhibitors to AT1 receptors
• permits the action of aldosterone of the kidneys but blocks the action of angiotensin II preventing vasoconstriction

Question 11

nifepidine

Answer 11

• vasodilator
• Ca2+ channel blocker
• vaso-selective
• prevents excitation-contraction coupling
• frequency-dependent block

Question 12

verapamil

Answer 12

• vasodilator
• Ca2+ channel blocker (L-type)
• cardiac and vascular acting
• prevents excitation-contraction coupling
• frequency-dependent block

Question 13

diltiazem

Answer 13

• vasodilator
• Ca2+ channel blocker (L-type)
• cardiac and vascular acting
• prevents excitation-contraction coupling
• frequency-dependent block

Question 14

reserpine

Answer 14

• sympathoplegic
• post ganglion sympathetic neuron blocker
• blocks the action of monoamine vesicular pump which inhibits noradrenaline release