L8 Flashcards
dopamine major func
- hormone regulation
- reward
- emesis
- movement
noradrenaline major func
- mood
- blood pressure regulation
- arousal/vigilance
- analgesia
serotonin major func
- sleep/wakefulness
- mood
- feeding and sexual behaviourt
- temp and blood pressure regulation
- emesis
- Control of sensory transmission
- Nociception
- Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
acetylcholine major func
- sleep/wakefulness
- arousal/attention
- learning and memory
- motor control
how transmitter operate in synapse
synthesis
storage (nt into vesiscle)
release (presynaptic hetero or autoreceptor)
action (binding)
reuptake (through transporter in presynaptic)
degradation (in presynaptic or surrounding cell) except ACh in synapse
monoamine synthesis (dopamine)
l tyrosine (amino acid) with cytoplasm, rate limiting
-> l dopa with dopadecarboxylase, cytplasm
-> dopamine
monoamine synthesis noradrenaline
from dopamine with enzyme dopamine beta-hydrolase
monoamine synthesis adrenaline
noradrenaline with pnmt - Phenylethanol-amine N-methyl-transferase, cytoplasm
monoamine synthesis serotonin
l tryptophan with cytoplasm, rate limiting
-> 5 hydroxtryptophan with l aromatic acid decarboxylase
synthesis ACh
from choline
neuronal + glia pathway
glucose (glucolysis) -> pyruvate (dehydrodogenase) -> acetyle- CoA (ciltrate synthase) -> citric acid (isocitrate dehydrogenase) -> a -ketoglutarate (GABA T) -> glutamate (glutamic acid decaboxylase) -> GABA
neuronal pathway
glutamine (glutaminase) -> glutamate (glutamic acid decaboxylase) -> gaba
binding and receptor activation at ligand gated channel
activate ligand gated channel
-> permit aion, cation through
binding and receptor activation at g protein channel
activate g protein
-> activate second messengers
-> cause ion channel to open
-> causes change to ion channel and other cell signalling
-> increase movement of positive charge into cell
OR
-> liberation of positive charge inside cells
BY
- Involve closure of ion channel that conduct positive ion into the cell
- Open of channel that conduct positive charge out of the cell
release (process) Ca
depolarise
ca2+ voltage open
ca2+ geting inside
ca2+ promote fusion of vesicle to membrane
exocytosis of nt from vesicle (out of presynapse)
storage (process)
active transport into vesicle
store - prevent leakage to cytoplasm
often drive by h+ gradient (generated by atp dependent h+ pump)
transporter vmat
monoamines (driven by h+)
transporter vacht
acetycholine (driven by h+)
transporter vgat
gaba (h+ and electrical gradient)
transporter vglut
glutamine + iongarnic phosphat ion (driven by voltage gradient)
reuptake (process) Na
active transport into neuron
via high affinity na+ membrane transporter protein
monoamine degradation by
by monoamine oxidase mao
(bound to neuron and non neuronal cell michondria)
mao a degrade what
NA, Adr, DA, 5HT
mao b degrade what
DA
amino acid degradation glutamate
by enzyme glutamine synthase
amino acid degradation gaba
enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T), converts to succinic acid
ACh degradation
Acetylcholinesterase break ACh to acetyle and choline
vesicle types of glutamate, gaba, glycine, acetyle (aminoacid + quarternary)
small clear
vesicle types of monoamine
intermediate dense vesicle
vesicle types of neuropeptide
large densecore vesicle
substrate
drug that is transported by transporter, mimic function of endogenous subtance
inhibitor
drug bind to transporter, prevent substrate or endogenous subtance being transported
modulator
bind into other site (allosteric side) of neuron, modulate activities of receptors (make agonist/subtance more likely to bind there or decrease/increase/strengthen the efficacy of things bind there)
50 release glutamate as excitatory
30 40 release gaba as inhibit
g excitatory
d1 d5
alpha 1
beta 1 2 3
sero 2 4 5 6 7
mAChR 1 3 5
group 1 mGluR
g inhibitory
d2 3 4
alpha 2
sero 1
mACh 2 4
gaba b
group 2 3 mGluR
ligand excitatory
sero 3
Nicotinic AChRs a4b2 or a7
amoa
kainate
nmda
ligand inhibitory
gaba ac
false substrate and inhibitor target enzyme
just like how it target transporter
prodrug
catalysed by enzyme form an active product
