L7 - Volume, variety and SSS

Question 1

What is hunger?

Answer 1

Indicative of insufficient energy availability

Months of energy stored in adipose tissue; short-term fasting has little impact on energy stores.

Question 2

How do individuals perceive hunger according to Rogers & Hardman (2015)?

Answer 2

In relation to their level of fullness since their last meal, the timing and/or size of the previous meal, and the proximity of their next meal.

Question 3

What is satiation?

Answer 3

The extent to which a food/portion will elicit satiation can be predicted before the meal begins.

Question 4

What is expected satiety?

Answer 4

The perception, before consumption, of the ability of a food to stave off hunger.

Question 5

What is expected satiation?

Answer 5

The perception, before consumption, of the ability of a food to deliver fullness.

Question 6

What influences expected satiation/satiety of foods?

Answer 6

Familiarity with the food, perceived volume, and energy density (Brunstrom et al., 2008)

The larger the perceived volume, the more filling it is expected to be.

Question 7

What is portion distortion?

Answer 7

A tendency for larger portions to lead to increased consumption.

Question 8

Does portion size affect food intake?

Answer 8

Yes, doubling the portion served increases food intake by ~35% according to a meta-analysis of 65 studies. (Rolls et al., 2002)

Question 9

What are some reasons larger portions lead to increased consumption?

Answer 9

• Encourage consumption past satiation
• Indicate socially appropriate amount to consume
• Adjust biological signals and cognitive perceptions over time
• Primal instincts to consume as much food as possible when available.

Question 10

What is the effect of energy density on food consumption?

Answer 10

Higher energy density is negatively correlated with expected satiation/satiety.

Question 11

What factors can lead to passive overconsumption of foods?

Answer 11

• Routine decisions and automatic processing.
• Fat has a relatively weak effect on satiation and satiety

Question 12

What is the primary reason for the overconsumption of fat?

Answer 12

Its high energy density (9 kcal/g).

Question 13

What is sensory specific satiety?

Answer 13

Changes in pleasantness occur rapidly and last up to an hour, affecting meal termination and overall intake.

Question 14

What factors can increase food intake due to variety?

Answer 14

Increasing variety in taste, texture, appearance, and choice of foods can increase food intake.

Question 15

What is the Appetiser Effect?

Answer 15

High initial ratings of highly liked food enhance intake, eating rate, and reported appetite. (Yeomans, 1996)

Question 16

What mechanisms are involved in sensory specific satiety?

Answer 16

• Habituation and monotony
• Central mechanisms linked to decreased neuronal response in the orbitofrontal cortex
• Role of endogenous opioids.

Question 17

What is the difference between liking and wanting?

Answer 17

Liking is measured through pleasure responses, while wanting is measured through desire to eat.

Question 18

What did Berridge (1996) discover about liking and wanting?

Answer 18

Liking and wanting activate different areas of the brain.

Question 19

True or False: Palatability is solely determined by taste.

Answer 19

False.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The energy density of fat is _____ kcal/g.

Answer 20

9

Question 21

What is the impact of drinking on food consumption?

Answer 21

Switching between bites and sips is linked with greater food consumption.

Question 22

What are individual differences in the predisposition to consume energy-dense foods?

Answer 22

Self-control and the rewarding nature of food.

Question 23

What is food response inhibition training?

Answer 23

A method to alter predisposition to consume energy-dense foods.

Question 24

What is the Appetiser Effect?

Answer 24

A phenomenon where high initial ratings of highly liked food enhance intake, eating rate, and reported appetite

Referenced by Yeomans in 1996, it highlights the role of palatable flavors in initiating eating.

Question 25

How does sensory stimulation relate to satiation?

Answer 25

Sensory stimulation explains the initiation of eating, while satiation reflects the decline in pleasantness and desire to eat

This is evident in the decline in pleasantness ratings over time.

Question 26

What did Hetherington & McDiarmid (1995) find about chocolate overeaters?

Answer 26

Chocolate overeaters consume significantly more than controls and show smaller changes in pleasantness ratings

This suggests systematic overeating weakens satiety signals.

Question 27

What is monotony’s impact on food intake according to Hirsch et al. (2005)?

Answer 27

Long-term monotony leads to a gradual decline in acceptance and caloric intake

Military personnel experienced low food intake when fed rations in the field.

Question 28

Define sensory specific satiety.

Answer 28

A rapid decline in pleasantness and intake of food during consumption, which can be overridden by variety

Mechanisms include habituation and neurophysiological explanations.

Question 29

What is hunger?

Expression of hunger

Answer 29

The expression of hunger reflects readiness to eat in the absence of fullness and anticipation of pleasure

According to Rogers & Brunstrom (2016), one can be ready to eat while still feeling full.

Question 30

What is satiation?

Answer 30

The process that leads to the termination of eating during a meal

It contrasts with satiety, which inhibits eating after a meal.

Question 31

What is satiety?

Answer 31

The feeling of fullness that continues after you finish eating

Foods high in dietary fat have a weak effect on satiety.

Question 32

How do high-fat foods affect eating behavior?

Answer 32

High-fat foods have a weak effect on both satiation and satiety, leading to passive overconsumption

This is known as high-fat hyperphagia.

Question 33

What role do sensory qualities of food play in eating?

Answer 33

Sensory qualities, such as taste and palatability, significantly impact food intake and can stimulate appetite

Highly palatable foods can increase consumption, while sensory-specific satiety limits intake.

Question 34

Fill in the blank: Sensory qualities of food significantly impact food intake, and _______ can stimulate appetite.

Answer 34

palatability

Question 35

True or False: Satiation and satiety are the same process.

Answer 35

False