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Developing Physiotherapy Practice 3 > L7: CVR Rehabilitation > Flashcards

L7: CVR Rehabilitation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Compliance in the context of ventilation?

A

the ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand.

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2
Q

What does low compliance indicate?

A

Low compliance means greater effort is required to expand the lungs.

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3
Q

What is Resistance in ventilation?

A

the opposition encountered during airflow through the respiratory tract.

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4
Q

What can cause high resistance in the respiratory system?

A

High resistance can be caused by factors such as bronchoconstriction.

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5
Q

What is the Work of Breathing?

A

the energy expended to inflate the lungs

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6
Q

what influences work of breathing

A

resistance and compliance.

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7
Q

What are partial pressure gradients?

A

the movement of gas from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure

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8
Q

How does gas move in the body based on partial pressures?

A

Gas moves from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure.

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9
Q

Why are partial pressure gradients crucial in respiration?

A

They are essential for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body.

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10
Q

What is diffusion capacity in the lungs?

A

how efficiently gases cross the alveolar-capillary membrane.

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11
Q

What can impaired diffusion capacity lead to?

A

Impaired diffusion capacity can result in hypoxia (low oxygen levels in tissues).

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12
Q

What is dead space in the respiratory system?

A

Dead space is the volume of the respiratory system where no gas exchange occurs.

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13
Q

Why is reducing dead space important?

A

Reducing dead space improves ventilation efficiency, allowing more effective gas exchange.

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14
Q

What does the Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve represent?

A

The curve explains how oxygen binds to and is released from haemoglobin, which is essential for tissue oxygenation.

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15
Q

Why is the Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve important?

A

It helps understand how haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues, ensuring proper oxygen delivery.

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16
Q

What factors affect the Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve?

A
  • pH
  • carbon dioxide levels
  • temperature
  • 2,3-DPG levels
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17
Q

What does Fick’s Principle describe?

A

Fick’s principle describes how the rate of gas transfer is proportional to surface area and the difference in partial pressures, and inversely proportional to membrane thickness.

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18
Q

According to Fick’s principle, what factors increase the rate of gas transfer?

A

A larger surface area and a greater difference in partial pressures will increase the rate of gas transfer.

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19
Q

What is the effect of a thickened alveolar-capillary membrane on gas exchange?

A

A thickened membrane reduces the rate of gas diffusion, impairing oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

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20
Q

How does surface area affect gas exchange according to Fick’s principle?

A

The larger the surface area, the more efficiently gases can be exchanged between the alveoli and capillaries.

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21
Q

What is the structure of particles in a solid?

A

closely packed together in a fixed structure and vibrate but do not move freely.

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22
Q

Do solids have a fixed shape and volume?

A

Yes

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23
Q

How dense are solids compared to liquids and gases?

A

Solids have the highest density among the three classical states of matter.

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24
Q

How do particles behave in a liquid?

A

Particles in a liquid are less densely packed than in solids and can move freely, allowing the liquid to flow.

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25
Q

Do liquids have a fixed shape?

A

No, liquids do not have a fixed shape. They take the shape of their container.

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26
Q

Do liquids have a definite volume?

A

Yes, liquids have a definite volume.

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27
Q

How do particles behave in a gas?

A

In a gas, particles are much less densely packed and move freely, filling the entire volume of their container.

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28
Q

Do gases have a fixed shape or volume?

A

No, gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.

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29
Q

Are gases easily compressed?

A

Yes, gases are easily compressed.

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30
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics also known as?

A

The Law of Conservation of Energy.

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31
Q

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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32
Q

How does the First Law of Thermodynamics relate to respiration?

A

Mechanical energy is used to expand and contract the lungs during inhalation and exhalation, facilitating gas exchange.

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33
Q

What happens to energy in the lungs according to the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy is converted into other forms, such as potential energy in stretched lung tissues, or lost as heat.

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34
Q

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

When energy is transformed, some of it is lost, usually as heat.

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35
Q

How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics explain inefficiency in biological processes?

A

It shows that energy transformations, like those in respiration, are not 100% efficient, with some energy lost as heat.

36
Q

Give an example of energy loss in respiration as explained by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

A

The energy used to contract respiratory muscles is not fully converted into lung expansion; some is lost as heat.

37
Q

What is entropy in the context of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system.

38
Q

How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics relate to entropy?

A

The rise in entropy reflects the fundamental inefficiency and disorder introduced during energy transformations, like those in respiratory function.

39
Q

What does Charles’ Law state?

A

Charles’ Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, as long as the pressure and amount of gas remain constant.

40
Q

What happens to the volume of a gas when it is heated according to Charles’ Law?

A

The volume of the gas expands when it is heated.

41
Q

What happens to the volume of a gas when it is cooled according to Charles’ Law?

A

The volume of the gas contracts when it is cooled.

42
Q

Why is Charles’ Law important for understanding lung function?

A

It helps explain how the volume of air in the lungs changes with temperature.

43
Q

How does Charles’ Law apply to inhaled air?

A

Inhaled air is warmed as it moves through the respiratory tract, and Charles’ Law helps predict how much the air expands once it reaches the lungs.

44
Q

What aspect of respiratory function is affected by the expansion of air according to Charles’ Law?

A

The expansion of air in the lungs affects lung compliance and capacity.

45
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure, provided the temperature remains constant.

46
Q

What happens to the volume of a gas when pressure increases, according to Boyle’s Law?

A

The volume decreases when pressure increases, as long as the temperature stays constant.

47
Q

What happens to the volume of a gas when pressure decreases, according to Boyle’s Law?

A

The volume increases when pressure decreases, assuming constant temperature.

48
Q

How is Boyle’s Law relevant in mechanical ventilation?

A

Boyle’s Law helps clinicians adjust the pressure settings on a ventilator, leading to corresponding changes in lung volume for effective lung expansion.

49
Q

How does Boyle’s Law assist in ensuring effective gas exchange during mechanical ventilation?

A

By adjusting pressure based on Boyle’s Law, clinicians can control lung volume, facilitating proper gas exchange in the lungs.

50
Q

What does Gay-Lussac’s Law state?

A

Gay-Lussac’s Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, provided the volume remains constant.

51
Q

How does Gay-Lussac’s Law explain the relationship between gas pressure and temperature?

A

As the temperature of a gas increases, its pressure also increases if the volume is constant, and vice versa.

52
Q

Why is Gay-Lussac’s Law important in respiratory care?

A

It helps in understanding how pressures within the respiratory system change at different body temperatures.

53
Q

How does Gay-Lussac’s Law affect mechanical ventilation in patients with hyperthermia or hypothermia?

A

Changes in body temperature, such as in hyperthermia or hypothermia, may alter lung pressures, influencing the effectiveness of mechanical ventilation.

54
Q

How can Gay-Lussac’s Law impact spontaneous breathing?

A

Variations in lung pressure due to temperature changes can affect the efficiency of spontaneous breathing.

55
Q

What is laminar flow in the respiratory system?

A

Laminar flow is smooth, orderly airflow typically found in healthy airways.

56
Q

What is turbulent flow in the respiratory system?

A

Turbulent flow is chaotic, disordered airflow that can occur due to obstructions, high flow rates, or certain diseases.

57
Q

How does laminar flow affect breathing?

A

Laminar flow allows for efficient and smooth airflow, resulting in easier breathing.

58
Q

How does turbulent flow impact breathing?

A

Turbulent flow increases the work of breathing and is less efficient, making breathing more difficult.

59
Q

What factors can lead to turbulent flow in the airways?

A

Obstructions, high flow rates, or respiratory diseases can cause turbulent flow.

60
Q

Why is turbulent flow significant for inhaled therapies?

A

Turbulent flow can lead to uneven distribution of inhaled particles, affecting the effectiveness of inhaled therapies.

61
Q

What is respiratory physiotherapy?

A

Respiratory physiotherapy is a type of physical therapy designed to assess and treat disorders of the respiratory system.

62
Q

What techniques are commonly used in respiratory physiotherapy?

A

Chest clearance techniques, exercises, and patient education are commonly used.

63
Q

What is the main aim of respiratory physiotherapy?

A

The main aim is to clear the patient’s airways and help them return to physical activity and exertion.

64
Q

How does respiratory physiotherapy benefit lung function?

A

It maximizes the functional ability of the lungs through chest clearance and exercises.

65
Q

What role does patient education play in respiratory physiotherapy?

A

Patient education helps individuals understand how to manage their condition and improve lung function through exercises and techniques.

66
Q

What services are provided by respiratory outpatient clinics?

A

Spirometry, home equipment education, annual check-ups for chronic conditions, and onward referrals.

67
Q

What role does physiotherapy play on any inpatient ward?

A

Advising on deep breathing exercises, ACBT, positioning, mobility to improve respiratory conditions, and onward referrals.

68
Q

What manual techniques might be used in an inpatient ward setting?

A

Occasionally, manual techniques like suction or advising on oxygen requirements and weaning may be needed.

69
Q

What are the key responsibilities in respiratory specialist wards?

A

Deep breathing exercises, ACBT, mobility advice, manual techniques, adjuncts (basic and advanced), oxygen delivery, suction, NIV safe haven monitoring, and onward referrals.

70
Q

What additional care is provided in HDU/Critical Care settings?

A

Care of mechanically ventilated patients, closed suction, passive movement, and overall mobility rehabilitation.

71
Q

What does pre-surgical care involve in surgical wards?

A

Meeting patients and their families to provide education on what to expect in the hospital.

72
Q

What is included in post-surgical care on surgical wards?

A

Issuing basic and advanced adjuncts, deep breathing exercises, ACBT, mobility, and onward referrals.

73
Q

Where might a community physiotherapist see patients?

A

At home, in a GP clinic, or in a sports center.

74
Q

What types of patients are typically seen by community physiotherapists?

A

Patients with chronic conditions.

75
Q

What role does a community physiotherapist play for patients recently discharged from the hospital?

A

They may help patients recover after returning from the hospital.

76
Q

How do community physiotherapists help prevent hospital admissions?

A

By providing care and advice that helps manage conditions to avoid hospital visits.

77
Q

What types of advice do community physiotherapists typically provide?

A

Disease management advice, medication review, and exercise advice.

78
Q

What is the purpose of deep breathing exercises in respiratory interventions?

A

To enhance lung expansion and improve oxygenation.

79
Q

What does ACBT stand for, and what is its purpose?

A

ACBT stands for Active Cycle of Breathing Technique, which helps improve ventilation and facilitate mucus clearance.

80
Q

How does positioning aid in respiratory therapy?

A

Positioning is used to aid with postural drainage, helping to clear secretions from the lungs.

81
Q

What manual techniques are commonly used in respiratory interventions?

A

Manual techniques include vibrations, shakes, and percussion to help loosen and clear mucus from the airways.

82
Q

What is the function of the PEP device in respiratory care?

A

The Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) device helps maintain open airways and assists in mucus clearance during exhalation.

83
Q

What is an Incentive Spirometer used for?

A

An Incentive Spirometer is used to encourage deep breathing and improve lung capacity.

84
Q

Name three devices that are used to aid in airway clearance.

A

Flutter, Acapella, and Aerobika.

85
Q

What is the role of the Flutter device?

A

The Flutter device helps to clear mucus from the airways by providing positive expiratory pressure and oscillations during exhalation.

86
Q

What is the Acapella device used for?

A

The Acapella device combines airway oscillation with positive expiratory pressure to facilitate mucus clearance from the lungs.

87
Q

How does the Aerobika device function in respiratory care?

A

the Aerobika device promotes airway clearance through oscillatory positive expiratory pressure, enhancing mucus clearance during exhalation.

Developing Physiotherapy Practice 3 (23 decks)

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