L7: CVR Rehabilitation Flashcards
What is Compliance in the context of ventilation?
the ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand.
What does low compliance indicate?
Low compliance means greater effort is required to expand the lungs.
What is Resistance in ventilation?
the opposition encountered during airflow through the respiratory tract.
What can cause high resistance in the respiratory system?
High resistance can be caused by factors such as bronchoconstriction.
What is the Work of Breathing?
the energy expended to inflate the lungs
what influences work of breathing
resistance and compliance.
What are partial pressure gradients?
the movement of gas from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure
How does gas move in the body based on partial pressures?
Gas moves from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure.
Why are partial pressure gradients crucial in respiration?
They are essential for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body.
What is diffusion capacity in the lungs?
how efficiently gases cross the alveolar-capillary membrane.
What can impaired diffusion capacity lead to?
Impaired diffusion capacity can result in hypoxia (low oxygen levels in tissues).
What is dead space in the respiratory system?
Dead space is the volume of the respiratory system where no gas exchange occurs.
Why is reducing dead space important?
Reducing dead space improves ventilation efficiency, allowing more effective gas exchange.
What does the Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve represent?
The curve explains how oxygen binds to and is released from haemoglobin, which is essential for tissue oxygenation.
Why is the Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve important?
It helps understand how haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues, ensuring proper oxygen delivery.
What factors affect the Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
- pH
- carbon dioxide levels
- temperature
- 2,3-DPG levels
What does Fick’s Principle describe?
Fick’s principle describes how the rate of gas transfer is proportional to surface area and the difference in partial pressures, and inversely proportional to membrane thickness.
According to Fick’s principle, what factors increase the rate of gas transfer?
A larger surface area and a greater difference in partial pressures will increase the rate of gas transfer.
What is the effect of a thickened alveolar-capillary membrane on gas exchange?
A thickened membrane reduces the rate of gas diffusion, impairing oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
How does surface area affect gas exchange according to Fick’s principle?
The larger the surface area, the more efficiently gases can be exchanged between the alveoli and capillaries.
What is the structure of particles in a solid?
closely packed together in a fixed structure and vibrate but do not move freely.
Do solids have a fixed shape and volume?
Yes
How dense are solids compared to liquids and gases?
Solids have the highest density among the three classical states of matter.
How do particles behave in a liquid?
Particles in a liquid are less densely packed than in solids and can move freely, allowing the liquid to flow.
Do liquids have a fixed shape?
No, liquids do not have a fixed shape. They take the shape of their container.
Do liquids have a definite volume?
Yes, liquids have a definite volume.
How do particles behave in a gas?
In a gas, particles are much less densely packed and move freely, filling the entire volume of their container.
Do gases have a fixed shape or volume?
No, gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.
Are gases easily compressed?
Yes, gases are easily compressed.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics also known as?
The Law of Conservation of Energy.
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
How does the First Law of Thermodynamics relate to respiration?
Mechanical energy is used to expand and contract the lungs during inhalation and exhalation, facilitating gas exchange.
What happens to energy in the lungs according to the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy is converted into other forms, such as potential energy in stretched lung tissues, or lost as heat.
What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?
When energy is transformed, some of it is lost, usually as heat.
How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics explain inefficiency in biological processes?
It shows that energy transformations, like those in respiration, are not 100% efficient, with some energy lost as heat.
Give an example of energy loss in respiration as explained by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
The energy used to contract respiratory muscles is not fully converted into lung expansion; some is lost as heat.
What is entropy in the context of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system.
How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics relate to entropy?
The rise in entropy reflects the fundamental inefficiency and disorder introduced during energy transformations, like those in respiratory function.
What does Charles’ Law state?
Charles’ Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, as long as the pressure and amount of gas remain constant.
What happens to the volume of a gas when it is heated according to Charles’ Law?
The volume of the gas expands when it is heated.
What happens to the volume of a gas when it is cooled according to Charles’ Law?
The volume of the gas contracts when it is cooled.
Why is Charles’ Law important for understanding lung function?
It helps explain how the volume of air in the lungs changes with temperature.
How does Charles’ Law apply to inhaled air?
Inhaled air is warmed as it moves through the respiratory tract, and Charles’ Law helps predict how much the air expands once it reaches the lungs.
What aspect of respiratory function is affected by the expansion of air according to Charles’ Law?
The expansion of air in the lungs affects lung compliance and capacity.
What does Boyle’s Law state?
Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure, provided the temperature remains constant.
What happens to the volume of a gas when pressure increases, according to Boyle’s Law?
The volume decreases when pressure increases, as long as the temperature stays constant.
What happens to the volume of a gas when pressure decreases, according to Boyle’s Law?
The volume increases when pressure decreases, assuming constant temperature.
How is Boyle’s Law relevant in mechanical ventilation?
Boyle’s Law helps clinicians adjust the pressure settings on a ventilator, leading to corresponding changes in lung volume for effective lung expansion.
How does Boyle’s Law assist in ensuring effective gas exchange during mechanical ventilation?
By adjusting pressure based on Boyle’s Law, clinicians can control lung volume, facilitating proper gas exchange in the lungs.
What does Gay-Lussac’s Law state?
Gay-Lussac’s Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, provided the volume remains constant.
How does Gay-Lussac’s Law explain the relationship between gas pressure and temperature?
As the temperature of a gas increases, its pressure also increases if the volume is constant, and vice versa.
Why is Gay-Lussac’s Law important in respiratory care?
It helps in understanding how pressures within the respiratory system change at different body temperatures.
How does Gay-Lussac’s Law affect mechanical ventilation in patients with hyperthermia or hypothermia?
Changes in body temperature, such as in hyperthermia or hypothermia, may alter lung pressures, influencing the effectiveness of mechanical ventilation.
How can Gay-Lussac’s Law impact spontaneous breathing?
Variations in lung pressure due to temperature changes can affect the efficiency of spontaneous breathing.
What is laminar flow in the respiratory system?
Laminar flow is smooth, orderly airflow typically found in healthy airways.
What is turbulent flow in the respiratory system?
Turbulent flow is chaotic, disordered airflow that can occur due to obstructions, high flow rates, or certain diseases.
How does laminar flow affect breathing?
Laminar flow allows for efficient and smooth airflow, resulting in easier breathing.
How does turbulent flow impact breathing?
Turbulent flow increases the work of breathing and is less efficient, making breathing more difficult.
What factors can lead to turbulent flow in the airways?
Obstructions, high flow rates, or respiratory diseases can cause turbulent flow.
Why is turbulent flow significant for inhaled therapies?
Turbulent flow can lead to uneven distribution of inhaled particles, affecting the effectiveness of inhaled therapies.
What is respiratory physiotherapy?
Respiratory physiotherapy is a type of physical therapy designed to assess and treat disorders of the respiratory system.
What techniques are commonly used in respiratory physiotherapy?
Chest clearance techniques, exercises, and patient education are commonly used.
What is the main aim of respiratory physiotherapy?
The main aim is to clear the patient’s airways and help them return to physical activity and exertion.
How does respiratory physiotherapy benefit lung function?
It maximizes the functional ability of the lungs through chest clearance and exercises.
What role does patient education play in respiratory physiotherapy?
Patient education helps individuals understand how to manage their condition and improve lung function through exercises and techniques.
What services are provided by respiratory outpatient clinics?
Spirometry, home equipment education, annual check-ups for chronic conditions, and onward referrals.
What role does physiotherapy play on any inpatient ward?
Advising on deep breathing exercises, ACBT, positioning, mobility to improve respiratory conditions, and onward referrals.
What manual techniques might be used in an inpatient ward setting?
Occasionally, manual techniques like suction or advising on oxygen requirements and weaning may be needed.
What are the key responsibilities in respiratory specialist wards?
Deep breathing exercises, ACBT, mobility advice, manual techniques, adjuncts (basic and advanced), oxygen delivery, suction, NIV safe haven monitoring, and onward referrals.
What additional care is provided in HDU/Critical Care settings?
Care of mechanically ventilated patients, closed suction, passive movement, and overall mobility rehabilitation.
What does pre-surgical care involve in surgical wards?
Meeting patients and their families to provide education on what to expect in the hospital.
What is included in post-surgical care on surgical wards?
Issuing basic and advanced adjuncts, deep breathing exercises, ACBT, mobility, and onward referrals.
Where might a community physiotherapist see patients?
At home, in a GP clinic, or in a sports center.
What types of patients are typically seen by community physiotherapists?
Patients with chronic conditions.
What role does a community physiotherapist play for patients recently discharged from the hospital?
They may help patients recover after returning from the hospital.
How do community physiotherapists help prevent hospital admissions?
By providing care and advice that helps manage conditions to avoid hospital visits.
What types of advice do community physiotherapists typically provide?
Disease management advice, medication review, and exercise advice.
What is the purpose of deep breathing exercises in respiratory interventions?
To enhance lung expansion and improve oxygenation.
What does ACBT stand for, and what is its purpose?
ACBT stands for Active Cycle of Breathing Technique, which helps improve ventilation and facilitate mucus clearance.
How does positioning aid in respiratory therapy?
Positioning is used to aid with postural drainage, helping to clear secretions from the lungs.
What manual techniques are commonly used in respiratory interventions?
Manual techniques include vibrations, shakes, and percussion to help loosen and clear mucus from the airways.
What is the function of the PEP device in respiratory care?
The Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) device helps maintain open airways and assists in mucus clearance during exhalation.
What is an Incentive Spirometer used for?
An Incentive Spirometer is used to encourage deep breathing and improve lung capacity.
Name three devices that are used to aid in airway clearance.
Flutter, Acapella, and Aerobika.
What is the role of the Flutter device?
The Flutter device helps to clear mucus from the airways by providing positive expiratory pressure and oscillations during exhalation.
What is the Acapella device used for?
The Acapella device combines airway oscillation with positive expiratory pressure to facilitate mucus clearance from the lungs.
How does the Aerobika device function in respiratory care?
the Aerobika device promotes airway clearance through oscillatory positive expiratory pressure, enhancing mucus clearance during exhalation.
