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Physiology 1 (WPH) > L7: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

L7: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are divisions of the…

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

the peripheral nervous system is divided into the…

A

autonomic NS

somatic NS

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3
Q

the autonomic nervous system is divided into the…

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

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4
Q

this nervous system controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic

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5
Q

aka voluntary nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

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6
Q

aka involuntary nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands are all controlled by this nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

aka visceral involuntary sensory and motor system

A

autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

how do somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ with regard to number of neurons between CNS and effector organ

A

somatic - 1 neuron between CNS and effector

autonomic - 2 neuron between CNS and effector

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10
Q

how do somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ with regard to excitatory vs inhibitory stimuli

A

somatic - stimulates contraction only

autonomic - can be excitatory or inhibitory

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11
Q

dysautonomia

A

disfunction of the autonomic nervous system, unable to maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

disfunction of this nervous system results in problems maintaining homeostasis

A

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

the autonomic nervous system is under control of the …

A

CNS

hypothalamus & limbic system

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14
Q

the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is not covered in detail in this class

A

enteric

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15
Q

what are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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16
Q

organs influenced by the autonomic nervous system are usually innervated by the __ division

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic (usually dual innervation)

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17
Q

dual sympathetic & parasympathetic innervation is generally described as __

A

antagonistic

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18
Q

fight or flight nervous system

A

sympathetic

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19
Q

rest/digest nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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20
Q

where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

vertebrae T1 to L3

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21
Q

do sympathetic postganglionic neurons have long or short projections to their targets, compared to autonomic postganglionic neurons

A

long

ganglia are paravertebral or prevertebral

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22
Q

paravertebral means

A

alongside the vertebrae

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23
Q

prevertebral means

A

ventral to vertebrae

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24
Q

what is the sympathetic chain

A

paravertebral bundles of sympathetic ganglia

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25
Q

where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla
or
sacral spinal cord S2-S4

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26
Q

__ axons project to ganglia very near or inside effector organs

A

parasympathetic

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27
Q

relative to sympathetic, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have __ projections to their targets

A

short

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28
Q

while sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord the sympathetic trunk extends along which portion of the spinal cord

A

the entire length of the spinal cord

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29
Q

T/F one preganglionic sympathetic neuron synapses with many postganglionic fibers

A

true

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30
Q

what is the average ratio of pre to post ganglionic sympathetic fibers

A

1:10

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31
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system has preganglionic nerves associated with cranial nerves

A

parasympathetic

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32
Q

this cranial nerve parasympathetically innervates most viscera

A

vagus X

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33
Q

what is the average ratio of pre to post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

A

1:3 but often 1:1

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34
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system has a greater pre to post ganglionic fiber ratio?

A

sympathetic (1:10)

vs parasympathetic 1:3

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35
Q

most organs have dual innervation except sweat glands, adrenal medulla, and peripheral blood vessels, which are innervated only by…

A

the sympathetic division

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36
Q

these nerves travel from CNS to effectors

A

efferent fibers

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37
Q

these nerves travel from effectors to CNS

A

afferent fibers

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38
Q

the two most important neurotransmitters are…

A

ACh and NE

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39
Q

the neurotransmitter acting at synapses between pre and post ganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is…

A

ACh

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40
Q

neurotransmitter at sympathetic ganglia

A

ACh

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41
Q

neurotransmitter at parasympathetic ganglia

A

ACh

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42
Q

list the neurotransmitters and NT receptors that occur in autonomic nervous system ganglion

A

ACh only

N2 (not N1)

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43
Q

cholinergic NT receptors bind __

A

ACh

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44
Q

adrenergic NT receptors bind __

A

NE and E

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45
Q

with regard to neurotransmitters, what are agonists vs antagonists

A

agonists - mimic neurotransmitter receptor binding and effect
antagonists - bind receptor and inhibit agonists

46
Q

2 types of ACh (cholinergic) receptors

A
  • nicotinic (N1 and N2)

- muscarinic

47
Q

a nicotinic receptor bind this NT

A

ACh (cholinergic)

48
Q

a muscarinic receptor bind this NT

A

ACh (cholinergic)

49
Q

how many types of nicotinic receptors

A

2 (N1 & N2)

50
Q

curare blocks this NT receptor

A

N1 cholinergic receptor (skeletal muscle)

51
Q

hexamethonium blocks this NT receptor

A

N2 cholinergic receptor (autonomic ganglia)

52
Q

N1 receptors
bind…
located…
blocked by…

A

ACh
skeletal muscle
curare

53
Q

T/F N1 receptors can be found in autonomic ganglia

A

false
N1 is found on skeletal muscle
N2 is ACh receptor in ganglia

54
Q

N2 receptors:
bind…
located…
blocked by…

A

ACh
autonomic ganglia
hexamethonium

55
Q

T/F N1 receptors can be found in the autonomic nervous system

A

false - found in somatic nervous system on skeletal muscle

56
Q

the cholinergic receptor on skeletal muscle

57
Q

the cholinergic receptor(s) in the somatic nervous system

A

N1 (on skeletal muscle)

58
Q

the cholinergic receptor(s) in the autonomic nervous system

A

N2 (ganglia)

M (effectors)

59
Q

M receptors
bind…
located…
blocked by…

A

ACh
effector organs (smo&card muscle, glands)
atropine

60
Q

atropine blocks this NT receptor

A

M (cholinergic effector organs)

61
Q

outline the NE receptors (location, function)

A

all occur in the sympathetic effector synapse
α1 - contraction of smomusc & blood ves
α2 - autoreceptor on adrenergic presynaptic membranes to downregulate NE release
β1 - inc HR, heart contraction force
β2 - relax GI smomusc & some vascular

62
Q

where are adrenergic NT receptors usually found

A

sympathetic effector synapses

smomusc, cardiac, GI

63
Q

how does the adrenal medulla interact with the autonomic nervous system?

A

contains sympathetic cholinergic receptors (N2) and releases NE and E into blood in a ~20/80 ratio

64
Q

what is/are the most common somatic NTs and receptors

A

-motor neuron releases ACh to N1 receptors on skeletal muscle
CNS—————————<ACh N1(muscle)

65
Q

what is/are the most common sympathetic NTs and receptors

A

–<NE&E (blood)

66
Q

what is/are the most common parasympathetic NTs and receptors

A

–<(smom, cardm, glands)

67
Q

N1
N2
M
cholinergic receptors blocked by…

A

curare
hexamethonium
atropine

68
Q

curare
hexamethonium
atropine
block which NT receptors

69
Q

the adrenal gland secretes NE and E in what proportions

A

20% to 80%

70
Q

NTs other than ACh and NE include:

A 
ATP/adenosine (GI)
serotonin
dopamine
GABA
NO (dilation)
71
Q

when a circular smooth muscle dilates, is it contracting or relaxing?

72
Q

is the general effector responses to the following NTs excitatory or inhibitory?

  • ACh
  • NE
  • E
A

impossible to tell: nervous system, NT, receptor, and effector all play a role in specificity of effector response

73
Q

is the general effector responses to the following NT receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

  • N1
  • N2
  • M
  • α1 adrenergic
  • α2 adrenergic
  • β1 adrenergic
  • β2 adrenergic
A

impossible to tell: nervous system, NT, receptor, and effector all play a role in specificity of response. BUT, if you have to guess:

  • N1 - stimulates muscle contraction
  • N2 - stimulates post-ganglionic autonomic nerve
  • M - … hard to tell
  • α1 adrenergic - stims vas&GI constrict
  • α2 adrenergic - ..decreases NE singal…
  • β1 adrenergic - stims HR & force
  • β2 adrenergic - relaxes GI
74
Q

T/F multiple kinds of NTs and receptors can be present on a given effector organ

75
Q

β adrenergic stimulation of the heart leads to…

A

increased HR and stronger force of contractility

76
Q

β adrenergic stimulation of the GI tract elads to..

A

relaxation/dilation

77
Q

what does it mean to say that usually the two divisions of the ANS are activated “reciprocally” ?

A

increase activity of one
decrease activity of the other
generally

78
Q

dopamine β hydroxylase (DβH) converts dopamine into this NT in the process of NT synthesis

79
Q

dopamine is converted to NE by this enzyme in the process of NE synthesis

A

dopamine β hydroxylase DβH

80
Q

3 precursers in NE synthesis

A

tyrosine….dopa….dopamine

81
Q

what are “varicosities” in the context of neurotransmission

A

swellings in an axon (like beads on a string) prior to the axon terminus that function in NE synthesis and release to an effector in response to an action potential while being modulated by a variety of other NT input at NT receptors
(usually sympathetic, adrenergic axons, sometimes parasympathetic)

82
Q

in what 3 ways is NE cleared from a sympathetic synaptic cleft?

A
  • diffusion into capillaries
  • reuptake (70%) by Na+ coupled symport and recycled to vesicles or broken down my monoamine oxidase (MAO) in mitochondria
  • extraneuronal uptake (by the effector cell for instance) and degradation by MAO
83
Q

what enzyme is involved in NE clearance from an adrenergic synapse?

A

monoamine oxidase MAO

degrades NE in pre-synaptic neuron or post-synaptic cell

84
Q

how is neurotransmission accomplished in an adrenergic nerve?

A

through varicosities, swellings in the axon (like beads on a string) prior to the axon terminus that function in NE synthesis and release to an effector in response to an action potential while being modulated by a variety of other NT input at NT receptors
(usually sympathetic, sometimes parasympathetic)

85
Q

T/F adrenergic nerve varicosities are usually in the sympathetic nervous sysem

A

true.. though they can be found in parasympathetic less frequently

86
Q

what is the advantage of neurotransmission through varicosities?

A

can control multiple effectors with one neuron

87
Q

do the following occur more frequently through varicosities or single boutons?

  • sympathetic neurotransmission
  • parasympathetic neurotransmission
A

sympathetic - varicosities
parasympathetic - single bouton
(though both are possible in each case)

88
Q

how does degradation of NE by MAO differ from degradation of ACh by ACh-E?

A
  • MAO acts in mitochondria after NE has been uptaken into pre or post-synaptic cell
  • ACh-E acts in the synaptic cleft, either free floating or embedded in post-synaptic membrane
89
Q

do the following occur more frequently through varicosities or single boutons?

  • ACh neurotransmission
  • NE neurotransmission
A

ACh - single bouton

NE - varicosities

90
Q

T/F autonomic regulation of organ function is usually modulatory and not initiatory

A

true - e.g. the heart pumps through autogenic ability, but autonomic input modulates

91
Q

in neurotransmission, what is a “tonic discharge”

A

a variable but omnipresent discharge of action potentials

92
Q

T/F autonomic neural input can affect individually or in concert

A

true

concert example - fight or flight decrease of blood flow to viscera and increase of blood flow to skeletal muscles

93
Q

if the ratio of pre to post ganglionic neurons is 1:200, you expect the ganglion to be part of which nervous system

A

sympathetic (greater pre vs post)

94
Q

a number of preganglionic neurons of this nervous system exit the brain stem through cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X (vagus)

A

parasympathetic

95
Q

T/F parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that exit the brain stem through cranial nerves III, VII, and IX and project to ganglia in the viscera

A

false

parasympathetic neurons in cranial nerves III, VII, and IX project to the ciliary, submaxillary, and otic ganglia

96
Q

T/F parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that exit the brain stem through cranial nerve X project to ganglia in the ciliary, submaxillary, and otic ganglia

A

false

parasympathetic neurons in the X (vagus) project to visceral ganglia

97
Q

T/F parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that exit the brain stem through cranial nerves III, VII, and IX and project to ganglia in the head and face

A

true

parasympathetic neurons in cranial nerves III, VII, and IX project to the ciliary, submaxillary, and otic ganglia

98
Q

T/F acetylcholine is stored and liberated by clear vesicles at parasympathetic nerve terminals

99
Q

T/F aorepinephrine interaction with β receptors in the heart leads to excitation (an increase in rate and force of contraction)

100
Q

T/F alpha adrenergic receptors, as a general rule, are associated with excitation by sympathetic nerves

101
Q

T/F aiscera commonly have a dual innervation of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

102
Q

T/F during an IPSP, recovery to resting membrane potential is achieved by the closing of the ligand-gated K+ or Cl- channels after neurotransmitter dissociates from the channel

103
Q

T/F during an IPSP, ligand-gated K+ or Cl- channels opens, allowing an efflux of Cl- or influx of K+

A

false
efflux of K+
…very little flux of Cl-

104
Q

how does d-tubocurarine affect neurotransmission

A

blocks ACh receptors

105
Q

T/F the origins of some of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the X (vagus) cranial nerve

A

true

at least they exit the CNS with the vagus nerve… origins really in the brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla)

106
Q

where do sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons go?

A

project to pelvic ganglion, with innervates colon, bladder, and genitalia

107
Q

where do cranial parasympathetic preganglionic neurons project to?

where do sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons project to?

A

cranial - to cilliary, submaxillary, otic, and visceral ganglia

sacral - to pelvic ganglion – and postganglionic nerves innervate colon, bladder, genetalia

108
Q

T/F the transmitter released at preganglionic endings is acetylcholine

109
Q

T/F the transmitter released at postganglionic endings acts on cholinergic muscarinic receptors

110
Q

T/F the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are generally located close to the organ innervated by their fibers

111
Q

T/F β adrenergic receptors are generally associated with post ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

A

true - TECHNICALLY, they are associated with post ganglionic sympathetic effectors BUT, if this comes up in a true/false scenario on the test, it is probably true

112
Q

T/F norepinephrine is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

Physiology 1 (WPH) (18 decks)

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