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Physiology 1 (WPH) > L1: body fluids & membrane transport - Garcia-Diaz > Flashcards

L1: body fluids & membrane transport - Garcia-Diaz Flashcards

1
Q

how much BW is H2O

A

~60%

body weight is water

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2
Q

what is the main component of the human body, accounting for 50-70% of human body weight

A

water

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3
Q

how much TBW is ICF

A

2/3

of total body water is extracellular fluid

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4
Q

how much TBW is ECF

A

1/3

of total body water is intracellular fluid

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5
Q

how much BW is ICF

A

40%

of body weight is intracellular fluid (2/3 of total body water which is 60% of BW)

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6
Q

how much BW is ECF

A

20%

of body weight is extracellular fluid (1/3 of total body water which is 60% of BW)

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7
Q

how much of the ECF is interstitial fluid

A

80%

of the ECF is interstitial fluid

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8
Q

how much of the ECF is PV

A

20%

of the ECF is plasma volume

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9
Q

T/F BV includes PV and blood cell volume

A

true

blood volume includes plasma volume and blood cell volume

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10
Q

how do you calculate hematocrit

A

RBC volume / blood volume

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11
Q

RBC volume / BV =

A

hematocrit

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12
Q

what is hematocrit

A

volume percentage of RBCs in total blood volume

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13
Q

typical hematocrit is…

A

~45%

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14
Q

typical percentage of blood volume occupied by plasma is…

A

55%

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15
Q

what is transcellular fluid

A

small part of the ECF contained inside organs (gastrointestinal, cerebral spinal, ocular, etc)… normally ignored in calculations

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16
Q

this is a small part of the ECF contained inside organs (gastrointestinal, cerebral spinal, ocular, etc)… normally ignored in calculations

A

what is transcellular fluid

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17
Q

the osmolality of most body fluids is

A

285 mOsm/kg

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18
Q

are the ionic compositions of the plasma and interstitial fluid similar? why?

A

yes - the capillaries that separate them are highly permeable (although one main difference is the presence of protein in plasma)

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19
Q

are the ionic compositions of the ECF and ICF similar? why?

A

no – ECF and ICF differ markedly due to their less permeable (less permeable than capillaries) membrane

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20
Q

the main cation in the ECF is…

A

Na+

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21
Q

the main cation in the ICF is…

A

K+

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22
Q

the 2 main anions of the ECF are…

A

Cl- & HCO3-

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23
Q

the main anions in the ICF are…

A

phosphates and proteins

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24
Q

the intracellular concentration of K+ is

A

150 mEq/L

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25
Q

the interstitial concentration of K+ is

A

4 mEq/L

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26
Q

the intracellular vs interstitial concentration of K+ is

A

4 vs 150 mEq/L

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27
Q

intracellular concentration of Na+ is

A

12 mEq/L

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28
Q

interstitial concentration of Na+ is

A

140 mEq/L

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29
Q

intracellular vs interstitial concentration of Na+ is

A

12 vs 140 mEq/L

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30
Q

how is flux related to moles, area, and time

A 
flux = moles / (area x time)
J = M / At
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31
Q

moles / (area x time) =

M / At =

A

flux

J

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32
Q

how is diffusion coefficient related to molecular weight

A

D = 1 / sq.rt. MW

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33
Q

concentration gradient =

A

delta concentration / delta distance

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34
Q

delta concentration / delta distance =

A

concentration gradient

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35
Q

how is net flux for a neutral solute related to permeability and difference in concentration

A

net flux = permeability x diff in concentration

J = P dC

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36
Q

what is the principle of macroscopic electroneutrality

A

charge difference required for electrical potential across membrane is several orders of magnitude smaller than typical ion concentrations – thus no +/- charge differences can be measured chemically across a membrane

37
Q

why isn’t diffusion efficient over long distances?

A

t = x^2 / D = x^2 sq.rt. MW

time to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance diffused – would take forever

38
Q

chemical driving force of ions across a membrane is

A

PdC

permeability x delta concentration across membrane

39
Q

to what factors is permeability related

A 
P = DB/x
permeability = diffusion coefficient x partition coefficient / x
D ~ 1/sq.rt.MW
B = solute solubility in membrane
x = thickness of membrane
40
Q

how are diffusion coefficient, molecular weight, partition coefficient, and thickness of membrane related to solute permeability

A 
D ~ P --> high D = higher P
MW ~ 1/P --> high MW = lower P
B ~ P --> high partition coefficient = higher P 
(B = solute solubility in membrane)
x ~ 1/P --> greater thickness  = lower P
41
Q

mechanical work =
electrical work =
chemical work =

A 
work = Fd
work = qV
work = nu
(n = moles, u = chemical potential ~ concentration)
42
Q

RTlnC =

A 
chemical potential
(R = gas constant, T = temp, C = concentration)
43
Q

zFn =

A

valence x Faraday x moles = charge (q)

1 Faraday = charge in 1 mole of e-

44
Q

how do you calculate log from ln

A

lnx = 2.3logx

45
Q

zFn dV =

A

q dV = electrical work

46
Q

@ physiologic temp, electrochemical potential / F =

A 
61 log (Cin/Cout) + zV
(z = valence...# +/- charges on ion)
47
Q

@ room temp, electrochemical potential / F =

A 
58 log (Cin/Cout) + zV
(z = valence...# +/- charges on ion)
48
Q

physiologic temperature

A

37 degrees C

310 degrees Kelvin

49
Q

room temperature

A

~ 20-25 degrees C

50
Q

electrochemical potential / F =

A 
u/F = k log(Ci/Co) + zV
(k = constant)
51
Q

k log (Ci/Co) + zV =

A

u/F = electrochemical potential

52
Q

what are the units of electrochemical potential?

A

mV

53
Q

do + charges move from high to low or low to high potential?

A

high to low

54
Q

do - charges move from high to low or low to high potential?

A

low to high

55
Q

log 0

A

undefined

56
Q

log 1

A

0

57
Q

log .1

A

-1

58
Q

log .5

A

-.3

59
Q

log 2

A

.3

60
Q

-log x =

A

log 1/x

61
Q

log xy =

A

log x + log y

62
Q

log x/y =

A

log x - log y

63
Q

log x^y =

A

y log x

64
Q

nernst equation

A

Veq = 61/z log(Cout/Cin)

65
Q

what value does the nernst equation calculate

A

equilibrium potential (Veq or E) = the electrical potential for a given in/out ion concentration for which the net flux will be zero

66
Q

equilibrium membrane potential =

A

61/z log(Cout/Cin)

67
Q

net driving force of an ion across a membrane =

A

Vm - Ei
Vm - Veq
membrane potential - equilibrium potential

68
Q

flow =

A

conductance x force

69
Q

conductance x force =

A

flow

70
Q

how is conductance related to resistance

A 
g = 1/R
conductance = 1/resistance
71
Q

how is conductance related to permiability

A

g ~ P

conductance ~ permeability

72
Q

how is the electric current carried by a permeable ion across a membrane related to the conductance and the ion net driving force?

A

linearly
I = g (Vm - E)
I = g (Vm -Ve)

73
Q

T/F for more than one permeable ion at equilibrium across a barrier, Vm = Ve = E1 = E2 = E3… etc

A

true - the potential is the same for all ions at equilibrium

74
Q

what is the name for the equilibrium distribution of permeant ions in the presence of non-permeant ions

A

Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium

75
Q

at Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, what is true of

  • permeant anion/cation concentrations on the same side of the membrane
  • permeant anion/cation concentrations on opposite sides of the membrane
  • osmolality on opposite sides of the membrane
A
  • permeant [cations] = [anions] on the same side

- permeant [cations] is > and permeant [anions] is on side with non-permeant protein

76
Q

is permeant [cations] in the interstitial fluid > or < in the plasma?

A

permeant [caitons] IF < permeant [cations] plasma

because -proteins in plasma are impermeable

77
Q

is permeant [anions] in the interstitial fluid > or < in the plasma?

A

permeant [anions] IF > permeant [anions] plasma

because -proteins in plasma are impermeable

78
Q

are total equivalents in interstitial fluid > or < in the plasma?

A

total equivalents IF < total equivalents plasma

(at gibbs donnan equilibrium, due to impermeable -proteins in cytoplasm)

79
Q

are the concentration differences in plasma and IF due to capillary endothelium impermeability to -proteins small or large? what is the difference in electrical potential?

A

small. V ~ 1mV

80
Q

T/F there is a Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium across the membrane of living cells

A

false - the leak of ions like Na+ and K+ is offset by active transport by Na K ATPase such that they are not able to reach equilibrium

81
Q

what are the consequences of inhibiting the Na K ATPase pump?

A

ion concentrations will evolve toward equilibrium, which will increase cytosolic osmolarity, which will draw water into cell and lead to swelling and potentially cell death

82
Q

at Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, what is true of the product of ion concentrations on either side of the membrane?

A

the equilibrium potentials of any two permeant ionic species are equal, regardless of the presence of other ionic species, i.e. ENa+ = ECl- = EK+ = …
so if ENa+ = ECl-
then (k/z) log ([Na]out / [Na]in =
(k/z) log [Cl]out / [Cl]in
zNa = 1, zCl = -1, so
[Na]out / [Na]in = [CL]in / [Cl]out
and [Na+]out x [Cl]out = [Na+]in x [CL]in

83
Q

in plasma, what are the main anions and their relative concentrations

A

Cl- > HCO3- > proteins-

84
Q

in interstitial fluid, what are the main anions and their relative concentrations

A

Cl- > HCO3-

85
Q

in ICF, what are the main anions and their relative concentrations

A

phosphates- > proteins- > Cl- > HCO3-

86
Q

in plasma, what are the main cations and their relative concentrations

A

Na+&raquo_space; K+

87
Q

in interstitial fluid, what are the main cations and their relative concentrations

A

Na+&raquo_space; K+

88
Q

in ICF, what are the main cations and their relative concentrations

A

K+ > Mg++ > Na+

89
Q

A membrane permeable to small ions but not to proteins separates two solutions, A and B, which contain Na+, K+ , proteins and other ions. In the steady state the concentration of Na+ is higher in A than in B whereas the concentration of K+ is lower in A than in B. Which of the following statements is correct?

A.   Na+ cannot be at equilibrium distribution.
B.    K+ cannot be at equilibrium distribution.
C.    It is impossible for other ions to be at equilibrium distribution.
D.    It is impossible for both Na+ and K+ to be at equilibrium distribution.
E.    None of the above statements is correct.
A

D. It is impossible for both Na+ and K+ to be at equilibrium distribution.

Two ions of the same charge cannot be at equilibrium Distrubution (i.e. CHEMICAL Equilibrium) with an opposite concentration distribution across the membrane… kind of a nitpicky dirty question…

Physiology 1 (WPH) (18 decks)

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