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BMS242 Developmental Biology > L6 - Intro to Drosophila > Flashcards

L6 - Intro to Drosophila Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Advantages of mouse

A

Good genetics

Well established

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2
Q

Advantages of chick

A

Accessible embryos

Low cost

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3
Q

Advantages of zebrafish

A

Accessible embryos

Reasonable cost

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4
Q

Advantages of drosophila

A

Accessible embryos and adult stages
Very low cost
Excellent genetics
Not ethical conserns

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5
Q

Disadvantages of mouse

A 
Expensive 
Slow (long generation time)
Home office/ethical restrictions
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6
Q

Disadvatages of chick

A

No genetics

Home office/ethical restrictions

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7
Q

Disadvantages of zebrafish

A

Genetics are problematic

Home office/ehtical considerations

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8
Q

Disadvabtages of drosophila

A

Not a vert

Kept as live stocks

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9
Q

At 25 deg how long is drosophila life cycle

A

10 days

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10
Q

At 18 deg how long is drosophila lifecycle

A

21 days

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11
Q

What occurs in first 3 hours of drosophila lifecycle

A

Go from fertilised egg to a segemented embryo with 3 germ layers

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12
Q

How many larval stages

A

3

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13
Q

What do the larvae do

A

Essentailly eating machines to build up fat (energy used during metamorphisis)

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14
Q

Why do larval have 3 stages

A

Get too big for their skin so the only option is the shead it

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15
Q

Describe what happens in the pupal stages

A

Crawls up the side of the vial and the skin hardens

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16
Q

Describe what happens during metamorphisis

A

Larval tissue dissovlves and adult body shell forms

Fat accumulated during instar stages used to provide energy for this process

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17
Q

Lifespan of drosophila

A

Average around 60 days

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18
Q

What did morgan discover in 1910

A

The white eyed fly

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19
Q

What was constructed in 1913 by Stutevant

A

Constructed the first genetic map with genes being arrnaged in a linear order

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20
Q

In 1927 what did muller show

A

That X rays causes mutations and chromosomal mutations

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21
Q

What occured in 1979/1980 performed by volhar and wischaus

A

Saturation mutagenesis to identify genes involved in patterning and development

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22
Q

Example of technqiue for trangenics

A

P-element transformation

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23
Q

What occured in March 2000

A

The drosophila geneome was sequenced

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24
Q

How many Chr in drosophila

How many Chr arms

A

5 Chr

7 arms

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25
Q

What are the 7 drosophila Chr arms

A 
X
2L 2R 
3L 3R
4 
Y
26
Q

How many bases on the 7 chromsome arms

A

137.6 Mbps

27
Q

The remaining gaps of around 1.5 mbps are found where …

A

In heterochromatin regions

28
Q

Around how many genes in drosophila

A

17600

29
Q

Ptp61F is a

A

tyrosine phsophatase

30
Q

When allignement of ptp61F is performed what aras appear to be conserved

A

Exons

Regulatory sequences

31
Q

1 male and 1 female drosophila can give rise to

A

Upwards of 200 offspring

32
Q

What does drosophila courtship include

A 
Orientation 
Tapping 
Wing vibration 
Licking 
Attempted copulation
33
Q

What different sensory modalities does drosophila courtship include

A

Audiotion - olfaction - taste - vision

34
Q

How was it shown drosophila courtship was genetic

A

Two dros grown in isolation and in dark

When reintroduced they still perform the courtships acts

35
Q

What is found at the very tip of the testes

A

Hub cells

36
Q

What is maintained immediatly adjacent to the hub cells

A

A stem cell population

37
Q

What occurs when stem cell in the testes divides

A

One closest to the hub cell maintains stem cell fate

Other cell divides and can give rise to upward of 60 spermatids

38
Q

What do hub cells secrete

What is this involved in

A

Upaired (ligand)

Invovled in the JAK/STAT pathway

39
Q

What is attached to each ovary

A

Strings of ovarioles

40
Q

Where is sperm stored in the feamle

A

Seminal receptacel

41
Q

Where is the egg laid

A

Drilled into the foot where it is laid

42
Q

To form the oocyte how many divisions may occur

A

4 incomplete cytoblast mitotic divisions

43
Q

What occurss in the nurse cells

A

Endo-reduplication - many copies of the genome contained here

44
Q

What do the nurse cells produce

A

Maternal factors for the devleoping oocyte

45
Q

Give as example of a maternal contribution

A

Oskar mRNA

46
Q

Describe the process of relocalising maternal contributions form the nurse cells to the oocyte

A

Cytoplasmic dumping occurs via ring canals

47
Q

What can occur after cytoplasmic dumping via ring canals

A

Some of the genes and gene products can be actively localised to regions of the egg

48
Q

What must occur in order for activation of the egg

A

Fusion of the male and female pronuclei

49
Q

Describe polytene chromsomes

A

Giant chromsomes which occur when the DNA is duplicated by not separated

50
Q

What occurs when a polytene chromosome is stained for pol2

A

Bands show little gene activiy
Interbands show an active gene
Puffs show and extremly active gene

51
Q

Describe the localisation of bicoid and oskar mRNA

A

Bicoid - anterior of the cell

Oskar - posterior

52
Q

How is cytoplasmic localisation of maternal contributions achieved

A

Through transport by the cytoskeleton

(Microtubules, plus and minus ended motors, glue then anchors them into postion

53
Q

What is the chorion

A

The egg cell - secreted by follicle cells

54
Q

What is the vitelline membrane

A

A hydrophobic coating which prevents the egg from drying out

55
Q

Egg development occurs via a series of

Of which there are ___ stages

A

Nuclear division

14

56
Q

During early development in drosophila there is no

A

External gene expression

57
Q

During drosophila early development where do most of the nuclei end up

A

End up on the outside of the egg

58
Q

What occurs in drosophila after the 14th division

A

Membranes go up from the outside and each nucelus pinches off into its own cell

59
Q

Describe the drosophila larva

A

Segmented into a denticle belt

60
Q

What occurs in a Stat92e (-/-)

A

There are gaps where some of the segemetns should be

BMS242 Developmental Biology (17 decks)

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