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BMS242 Developmental Biology > L1 - Introduction > Flashcards

L1 - Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

The UK population is _________ faster than it is ________

A

Ageing

Growing

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2
Q

UK Population growth
WHOLE
+65
+85

A

3%
12%
18%

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3
Q

What percentage of the UK welfare budget is spent on pensioners

A

55%

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4
Q

Who proposes the theory of epigenesis

A

Aristotle

345 BC

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5
Q

What is the theory of epigenesis

A

Step wise and progressive development of an organism through the development of new strucutres and formations

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6
Q

Was Aristotles theory accepted straight away

A

No, was conceptually hard to grasp

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7
Q

Who proposed the theory of preformationism

A

Hartsoeker

1965

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8
Q

What is the theory of preformationism

A

The organism is already fully formed it just needs to be able to grow

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9
Q

3 major points about cell theory

A

All organisms composed of one of more cells
The cell is the most basic unit of life
All cells arise from preexisting cells

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10
Q

Who proposed the cell theory

A

Robert Cooke

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11
Q

Who proposed the Germ plasm determinants theory

A

Weissman - 1880

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12
Q

Describe the germ plasma determinants theory

A

Germ cells contain a full set of determinants
Somatic cells on the other hand only contain a subset of the determinantns
So when cells dif. they inherit a certain set of factors which determines their fate

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13
Q

Who performed the experiement which provided supporting evidence for Weissmans Germ Plasm theory

A

Roux

Ablation experiement

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14
Q

Describe the methods used by Roux in his ablation experiment

What was the main oberservation

What theory did this appear to support

A

Took a blastula at the two cell stage and ablated one of the cells

At the end of development the embryo was only half formed

Supported Weissmans germ plasm theory

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15
Q

Who proposed the induction theory - what were the methods of his experiment

A

Driesch

Instead of ablating one of the cells at the two cell stage he separated them

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16
Q

What were Drieschs main observations from the separation experiment

What were Drieschs main conclusions from the separation experiment

A

Each of the sep cells lead to formation of a full embryo
Cell-cell communicaiton was disrupted

Each of the cells MUST contain the full set of determinants but only a CERTAIN SUBSET is expressed
The expression of the subset of determinants is determined by cell-cell communicaiton

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17
Q

What are the two types of gene expressed in cells

A

Ubiquitous - hosuekeeping genes

Tissue specific genes

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18
Q

What are the two ways in which gene expression is controlled

A

Intrinsic or extrinsic

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19
Q

Give an example of intrinsic cues acting

A

E.g. the mother cell differentiating into a specialised cell with no external influence

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20
Q

What is cell intrinsic also called

A

Cell Autonomous

21
Q

What is an example of extrinsic cues

What does this require

A

One cell type induing another cell type to a certain cell fate

Cell cell communication

22
Q

What are the 5 ways in which cells acquire new properties

A 
Division 
Adhesion 
Migration
Death 
Shape
23
Q

What are the two ways in which cells are able to divide

A

Can either be symmetrical or non symmetrical

24
Q

What are the three ways in which non symmetrical division is able to take place

A

Segregation of cytoplasmic determinants

A membrane bound determinant being confined to one edge

An ECM linked determinant being confined to one edge of the cell

25
Q

What is paracrine signalling

A

One cell type secreting a factor (ligand) which acs on a receptor of a different cell leading to a cascade of events

26
Q

Autocrine

A

One cell type secretes a ligand which then acts on the SAME CELL OR SAME TYPE OF CELLS

27
Q

Juxtacrine signalling

A

Cell cell communication which occurs over a short distance as both ligand and receptor are tethered to the membrane

28
Q

Signal reception requires

A

Cell to be competent

29
Q

What are instructive signals

A

Initiate a new program

30
Q

What are permissive signals

A

Provides a favourable environment for a specific program

31
Q

What are morphogens

A

Instruct different fates dependent on their concentrations

32
Q

Describe reception

A

The ligand binding to the cell surface receptor and activating it

33
Q

Describe transduction

A

Receptor activation induces the transduction of the signal from the membrane to the nucleus via a cascade of second messenger activation

34
Q

Describe response

A

A transcription factor is activated and this induces the transcription of a specific set of genes

35
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Skin cells

A

Ectoderm

36
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Neural

A

Ectoderm

37
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Cardiac muscle

A

Mesoderm

38
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Alveolar cell - lung

A

Endoderm

39
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

thyroid

A

Endoderm

40
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Muscle

A

Mesoderm

41
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Blood cell

A

Mesoderm

42
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Gut

A

Mesoderm

43
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Sperm and Egg

A

From the germ layer

44
Q

From which germ layer does the following tissue/organ arise from

Pigment cells

A

Ectoderm

45
Q

What is tissue homeostasis

A

The balance between cell renewal and cell death

46
Q

What is cell renewal through

A

Stem cell population

47
Q

Too much renewal of cells causes

A

Cancer

48
Q

Too much cell death =

A

Tissue aging and degeneration

BMS242 Developmental Biology (17 decks)

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