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General - Anatomy🫀 > L6: Face > Flashcards

L6: Face Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extent of the face?

A

❖ The superior orbital margin (eyebrows) to the chin.

❖ Laterally to the external auditory meatus.

NB: The forehead is common to both scalp and face

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2
Q

What are the layers of the face?

A

❖ Skin.
❖ Muscles

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3
Q

What are the muscles of the face characterized by?

A
  1. They surround the openings of the face.
  2. They originate from the bones of the skull.
  3. They are inserted in the skin; they are the muscles of expression.
  4. They develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch.
  5. They are supplied from the facial nerve.
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4
Q

What are the openings of te. Face?

A
  1. Orbit 2. Nose 3. Mouth 4. Ear
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5
Q

What are the muscles of the face?

A
  1. Orbicularis occuli
  2. Orbicularis oris
  3. Buucinator
  4. platysma
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6
Q

What are the parts of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Orbital, palpebral and lacrimal parts

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7
Q

What is the origin of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

the upper part of the medial palpebral ligament

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8
Q

What are the insertions of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

the lower part of the medial palpebral ligament.

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9
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the orbital, palpebral and lacrimal parts of tne orbicularis oculi?

A

Temporal and upper zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.

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10
Q

What is the action of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

firm closure of the eye.

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11
Q

What is the origin of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

upper and lower parts of the medial palpebral ligament

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12
Q

What is the insertion of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

lateral palpebral raphe.

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13
Q

What is the action of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

gentle closure of the eye.

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14
Q

What is the origin of the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

lacrimal bone and the fascia covering the lacrimal sac.

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15
Q

What is the insertion on the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

the tarsi of the lids.

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16
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

dilates the lacrimal sac to drain tears

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17
Q

What are the parts of the Buccinator?

A

Upper, lower and middle fibers

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18
Q

What is the origin of the upper fibers?

A

From the maxilla opposite the upper molars.

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19
Q

What is the insertion of the upper fibers?

A

Upper lip

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20
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the fibres of the buccinator?

A

Buccal branch of the facial nerve.

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21
Q

What is the action of the buccinator?

A

presses the cheek to the gums, to prevent the accumulation of food in the vestibule of the mouth.

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22
Q

What does the paralysis of the buccinator lead to?

A

Its paralysis leads to the accumulation of food in the vestibule of the mouth and the dripping of saliva.

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23
Q

What is the origin of the lower fibres of the buccinator?

A

From the mandible opposite the lower molars.

24
Q

What is the insertion of the lower fibre of the buccinator?

A

Lower lip

25
Q

What is the origin of the middle fibres of the buccinator?

A

From the Pterygomandibular ligament.

26
Q

What is the insertion of the middle fibre of the buccinator?

A

decussate before passing to lips

27
Q

What is the origin of orbicularis oris?

A

maxilla above incisor teeth

28
Q

What is the insertion of the orbicularis oris?

A

the skin of the lip.

29
Q

What is the nerve supply for the orbicularis oris?

A

Buccal branch of the facial nerve.

30
Q

What is the function of the orbiculas oris?

A

Compresses the lips together to close the mouth.

31
Q

What is the origin of the platysma?

A

the upper part of pectoral and deltoid fascia

32
Q

What is the insertion of the platysma?

A

the base of the mandible, the skin of the lower face, and the lip

33
Q

What is the function of the platysma?

A

releases pressure of skin on the subjacent veins, depress mandible, pulls the angle of the mouth downwards.

34
Q

From where does the facial nerve leave the skull?

A

The facial nerve leaves the skull through the stylomastoid foramen to enter the parotid gland through its posteromedial surface.

35
Q

Where does the facial nerve branch?

A

Inside the parotid

36
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

37
Q

What does the temporal branch supply?

A

Supplies the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis and the upper part of orbicularis oculi.

38
Q

What does the zygomatic branch supply?

A
  • Upper zygomatic: Supplies the lower part of orbicularis oculi.
  • Lower zygomatic: Supplies the nasal muscles.
39
Q

What does the buccal branch supply?

A

Supplies the buccinator, orbicularis oris, and other muscles of the mouth except those of the lower lip.

40
Q

What does the mandibular branch supply?

A

Supplies the muscles of the lower lip.

41
Q

What does the cervical branch supply?

A

Supplies the platysma

42
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

❖ supplies all the skin of the face EXCEPT the skin over the angle of the mandible which is supplied by the great auricular nerve.

43
Q

Whata are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

ophthalmic division

maxillary division

mandibular division

44
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic division? And what do they supply?

A
  • Supratrochlear nerve: Supplies the medial 1/3 of the upper eyelid.
  • Supraorbital nerve: Supplies the middle 1/3 of the upper eyelid.
  • Palpebral of lacrimal: Supplies the lateral 1/3 of the upper eyelid.
  • External nasal nerve: Supplies the lower 1/2 of the dorsum of the nose.
  • Infratrochlear nerve: Supplies the upper 1/2 of the dorsum of the nose and the adjoining part of the lower eyelid.
45
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary division?

A
  • Zygomaticofacial nerve: Supplies the skin over the bony cheek.
  • Infraorbital nerve (the continuation of the maxillary nerve):
     Palpebral branch: Supplies the skin of the lower eyelid.
     Nasal branch: Supplies the skin of the side of the nose.
     Labial branch: Supplies the skin of the upper lip.
46
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular division?

A
  • Buccal nerve: Supplies the skin of the cheek.
  • Mental nerve: Supplies the skin of the lower lip
47
Q

Do the wounds of the face heal fast?

A

Yes

48
Q

What are the arteries of the face?

A

1)The facial artery:

 It arises from the anterior aspect of the external carotid artery.
 It turns around the lower border of the mandible at the inferior angle of the masseter to reach the face.
 In the face, it takes a tortuous course, passes upwards till a point 1 cm behind the angle of the mouth, then continues upwards on the side of the nose till the medial
the angle of the eye.

2) Supraorbital and Supratrochlear:
 branches of the ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

3) Transverse facial and zygomaticorbital arteries Which are branches of the superficial temporal artery.
4) Small twigs accompanying nerves supplying the face.

49
Q

What are the veins of the face?

A

1) Anterior facial vein:
 formed by the union of supratrochlear & supraorbital veins at the medial angle of the eye.

2) Posterior facial vein (retromandibular vein):
 formed by the union of the superficial temporal vein with the maxillary vein. It ends by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions.

3) Common facial vein:
 formed by the union of the anterior facial with the anterior division of the posterior facial veins.

4) External Jugular vein:
 formed by the union of the posterior division of retromandibular with posterior auricular veins

5) Deep facial vein:
 connect the anterior facial vein with the pyrgotid plexus.

50
Q

Communications of the anterior facial vein

A

a) At its beginning:
 it receives the ophthalmic veins which are connected to the cavernous sinus through the superior orbital fissure.

b) Along its course:
 it receives veins corresponding to the branches of the facial artery.

c) While crossing the buccinator:
 it is connected with the pterygoid venous plexus through the deep facial vein that passes deep to the ramus of the mandible.
 The pterygoid venous plexus is connected to the cavernous sinus through emissary veins passing through the foramen ovale.

51
Q

Infection in the triangular area of the face between the two anterior facial veins (Dangerous area of the face) can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis in two ways:

A

Anterior facial vein — ophthalmic veins — cavernous sinus.

Anterior facial vein — deep facial vein — pterygoid venous plexus — emissary veins through foramen ovale — cavernous sinus.

52
Q

Lymph drainage in the face

A

Upper region
 preauricular lymph nodes (parotid):
 the greater part of the forehead, lateral 1⁄2 of the eyelid, conjunctiva, lateral part of the cheek, and parotid area:

Middle region
 submandibular lymph nodes:
 median part of the forehead, external nose, upper lip, lateral part of the lower lip.
 medial 1⁄2 of the eyelid, the medial part of the cheek, the greater part of the lower jaw.

Lower region
 submental lymph nodes:
 the central part of the lower lip, chin.

53
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

pain in the region of distribution of maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve.

54
Q

❖ Infranucleur lesions of the facial nerve (eg, bell’s palsy)

A

the whole face is paralyzed, Affected side is motionless.
 Loss of wrinkles.
 The eye cannot be closed.
 In smiling the mouth is drawn to the normal side.
 During mastication, food accumulates in the vestibule of the mouth.

55
Q

❖ Supranuclear lesions of the facial nerve

A

 only the lower part of the face is paralyzed.
 The upper part (frontalis &part of orbicularis oculi) escapes due to its bilateral innervation

56
Q

Characters of face wounds

A

❖ Face wounds bleed profusely, heal rapidly, and are sutured with thin threads

57
Q

Dangerous area of the face

A

infections from face mainly from upper lip & nose can go

to cavernous sinus through ophthalmic vein and deep facial vein.

General - Anatomy🫀 (9 decks)

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