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RP > L6: Conc & Dilutino > Flashcards

L6: Conc & Dilutino Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the result of a positive water balance?
    a. Excretion of concentrated urine
    b. Reabsorption of NaCl from urine
    c. Decreased ADH secretion
A

B

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2
Q
  1. How does ADH influence water reabsorption in the collecting duct?
    a. Decreases aquaporin expression
    b. Increases aquaporin expression
    c. Inhibits NaCl reabsorption
A

B

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3
Q
  1. Why is the interstitium required to be hyperosmolar for water reabsorption?
    a. Facilitates active transport
    b. Promotes passive diffusion through aquaporin
    c. Enhances glucose reabsorption
A

B

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4
Q
  1. What factors affect urine osmolarity and volume?
    a. Permeability of proximal tubule
    b. Osmolarity of medullary interstitium
    c. Glomerular filtration rate
A

B

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5
Q
  1. How does the loop of Henle contribute to separating water and salts?
    a. Thindescending segment is permeable to salts
    b. Thickascending segment is permeable to water
    c. Initial segment allows only water permeability
A

C

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6
Q

. What results in countercurrent multiplication and increased medullary osmolarity?
a. Active transport of glucose
b. Reabsorption of urea in the distal tubule
c. Water movement along the descending limb

A

C

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7
Q
  1. What is the role of ADH in the hyperosmolarity of the medulla?
    a. Increases NKCC activity
    b. Decreases urea concentration
    c. Inhibits water reabsorption
A

A

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8
Q
  1. Why is the distal segment permeable to urea even without ADH?
    a. Urea Transporter 1 expression
    b. High glucose concentration
    c. Inhibition of aquaporin
A

A

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9
Q
  1. What is the function of Vasa Recta in maintaining osmotic gradient?
    a. Absorption of water in the first part
    b. Reduction of hyperosmolar gradient
    c. Decreased vasoconstriction in response to ADH
A

B

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10
Q
  1. How does high blood flow in Vasa Recta affect water reabsorption?
    a. Increases hyperosmolarity
    b. Reduces the osmotic gradient
    c. Enhances vasoconstriction
A

B

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11
Q
  1. What happens to free water clearance in positive free water clearance?
    a. Urine is isosmotic with plasma
    b. Hyposmolar urine is excreted
    c. More concentrated urine to preserve water
A

B

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12
Q
  1. What is the result of negative free water clearance?
    a. Hyperosmolar urine excretion
    b. Isosmotic urine with plasma
    c. Concentrated urine to preserve water
A

A

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13
Q
  1. What does increased expression of urea transporter 1 lead to?
    a. Decreased urea permeability
    b. Increased urea recycling
    c. Inhibition of NKCC activity
A

B

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14
Q
  1. How does decreased blood flow through Vasa Recta affect hyperosmolarity?
    a. Increases washout by Vasa Recta
    b. Decreases washout by Vasa Recta
    c. Enhances osmotic gradient
A

B

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15
Q

. What is the impact of ADH on blood flow in Vasa Recta?
a. Decreases blood flow
b. Increases blood flow
c. Has no effect on blood flow

A

A

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16
Q
  1. What is the main function of collecting duct in the absence of ADH?
    a. Impermeable to water
    b. High water reabsorption
    c. Increased hyperosmolarity
A

A

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17
Q
  1. What is the consequence of decreased NKCC activity in the absence of ADH?
    a. Increased hyperosmolarity
    b. Decreased hyperosmolarity
    c. Enhanced urea recycling
A

B

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18
Q
  1. What is osmolar clearance related to in the context of free water clearance?
    a. Volume of urine isosmotic with plasma
    b. Volume of concentrated urine
    c. Volume of urine relative to plasma osmolarity
A

C

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19
Q
  1. Why is free water clearance important in hyperosmolar patients?
    a. Prevents cell shrinking
    b. Induces cell swelling
    c. Increases osmotic gradient
A

A

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20
Q
  1. What is the outcome of excreting more concentrated urine in negative free water clearance?
    a. Water preservation
    b. Hyperosmolar urine excretion
    c. Decreased urea concentration
A

A

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21
Q
  1. How does the permeability of the collecting duct change with increased ADH?
    a. Decreased aquaporin expression
    b. Increased water reabsorption
    c. Inhibition of urea transporter
A

B

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22
Q
  1. What is the primary role of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?
    a. Permeable to salts
    b. Facilitates glucose reabsorption
    c. Only permeable to water
A

C

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23
Q
  1. What causes the urine to get diluted in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
    a. Movement of water into the interstitium
    b. Movement of salts into the interstitium
    c. Decreased urea concentration
A

B

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24
Q
  1. What is the result of decreased V1 receptor stimulation in Vasa Recta?
    a. Increased vasoconstriction
    b. Enhanced urea recycling
    c. Reduced blood flow and increased hyperosmolarity
A

C

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25
Q
  1. In a state of antidiuresis, what is the impact of increased AQP2 expression?
    a. Decreased water reabsorption
    b. Increased urea permeability
    c. Enhanced water reabsorption
A

C

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26
Q
  1. What is the significance of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the loop of Henle?
    a. Decreases medullary osmolarity
    b. Increases urea concentration
    c. Promotes hyperosmolarity in the medulla
A

C

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27
Q
  1. How does urea recycling contribute to the concentration of urea in the medullary interstitium?
    a. Increases urea excretion
    b. Causes urea to move into the interstitium
    c. Inhibits urea transporter 1 expression
A

B

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28
Q
  1. What is the effect of increased NKCC activity in the loop of Henle?
    a. Decreases hyperosmolarity
    b. Increases diffusion of NaCl into the interstitium
    c. Inhibits water reabsorption
A

B

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29
Q
  1. How does ADH influence urea transporter 1 in the collecting duct?
    a. Decreases its expression
    b. Has no effect on urea transporter 1
    c. Increases its expression
A

C

30
Q
  1. What happens to water reabsorption when there is high blood flow in Vasa Recta?
    a. Increases hyperosmolarity
    b. Enhances osmotic gradient
    c. Decreases water reabsorption
A

C

31
Q
  1. Why does increased ADH in plasma lead to decreased blood flow in Vasa Recta?
    a. Induces vasoconstriction
    b. Promotes hyperosmolarity
    c. Enhances solute absorption
A

A

32
Q
  1. What is the primary function of the first part of Vasa Recta in the medulla?
    a. Reduces hyperosmolar gradient
    b. Absorbs solutes
    c. Increases osmolarity
A

B

33
Q
  1. What is the consequence of high V1 receptor presence in Vasa Recta?
    a. Increased blood flow
    b. Large vasoconstriction in response to ADH
    c. Decreased osmotic gradient
A

B

34
Q
  1. What is the primary function of the distal segment’s permeability to urea?
    a. Prevents urea recycling
    b. Promotes urea excretion
    c. Enhances urea concentration
A

B

35
Q
  1. How does ADH affect osmolar clearance in a patient with hyposmolar urine?
    a. Increases osmolar clearance
    b. Decreases osmolar clearance
    c. Maintains isosmotic urine
A

B

36
Q
  1. What is the consequence of reduced washout by Vasa Recta in hypertensive patients?
    a. Increased osmotic gradient
    b. Enhanced water reabsorption
    c. Decreased hyperosmolarity
A

A

37
Q
  1. Why is free water clearance crucial for patients with hyperosmolarity?
    a. Prevents cell swelling
    b. Promotes concentrated urine
    c. Counteracts concentrated urine to preserve water
A

C

38
Q
  1. How does the concentration of urea contribute to urea recycling in the medullary interstitium?
    a. Inhibits urea transporter 1
    b. Causes urea to move out of the interstitium
    c. Establishes a concentration gradient for urea movement
A

C

39
Q
  1. What is the primary outcome of decreased hyperosmolarity in the absence of ADH?
    a. Increased water reabsorption
    b. Decreased water reabsorption
    c. Enhanced solute excretion
A

B

40
Q
  1. What is the primary role of ADH in diuresis?
    a. Increases collecting duct permeability to water
    b. Inhibits aquaporin expression
    c. Promotes hyperosmolarity of the interstitium
A

B

41
Q
  1. How does negative free water clearance affect a hyperosmolar patient?
    a. Induces cell swelling
    b. Preserves water with concentrated urine
    c. Increases osmolar clearance
A

B

42
Q
  1. What happens to urea concentration in the interstitium during urea recycling?
    a. Decreases due to increased excretion
    b. Increases as urea moves into the interstitium
    c. Has no effect on urea concentration
A

B

43
Q
  1. How does the thick ascending limb contribute to the concentration of the medullary interstitium?
    a. Allows water diffusion into the interstitium
    b. Permeable to salts, promoting dilution of urine
    c. Increases solute concentration in the interstitium
A

C

44
Q
  1. What is the impact of increased aquaporin 2 & 3 expression in the collecting duct?
    a. Decreased water reabsorption
    b. Increased water reabsorption
    c. Enhanced urea recycling
A

B

45
Q
  1. How does the permeability of the thin descending limb differ from the thick ascending limb?
    a. Both are permeable to water
    b. Only the descending limb is permeable to water
    c. Only the ascending limb is permeable to water
A

B

46
Q
  1. What causes decreased water reabsorption in the lower segments of the loop of Henle?
    a. Increased urea concentration
    b. Reduced solute movement into the interstitium
    c. Enhanced vasoconstriction in the vasa recta
A

B

47
Q
  1. Why is the urea transporter 1 important in the presence of ADH?
    a. Inhibits urea recycling
    b. Increases urea permeability
    c. Decreases urea concentration
A

B

48
Q
  1. What is the primary outcome of hyperosmolarity in the medullary interstitium?
    a. Decreased water reabsorption
    b. Increased aquaporin expression
    c. Facilitates increased water reabsorption
A

C

49
Q
  1. What is the primary function of the initial segment of the loop of Henle?
    a. Permeable to water and Na+ in equal amounts
    b. Only permeable to water
    c. Allows both water and Na+ reabsorption
A

B

50
Q
  1. How does ADH affect the osmotic gradient in the loop of Henle?
    a. Decreases osmolarity
    b. Increases solute diffusion into the interstitium
    c. Increases osmolarity by promoting urea recycling
A

B

51
Q
  1. What is the significance of countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle?
    a. Decreases medullary osmolarity
    b. Promotes hyperosmolarity in the medulla
    c. Inhibits urea recycling
A

B

52
Q
  1. How does ADH influence blood flow through Vasa Recta?
    a. Increases blood flow
    b. Decreases blood flow
    c. Has no effect on blood flow
A

B

53
Q
  1. What is the primary function of aquaporin 2 & 3 in the collecting duct?
    a. Decreases water reabsorption
    b. Increases water reabsorption
    c. Inhibits urea recycling
A

B

54
Q
  1. What causes urea to move into the interstitium and the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
    a. Decreased urea transporter expression
    b. Concentration gradient created by ADH
    c. Increased urea excretion
A

B

55
Q
  1. Why is the collecting duct impermeable to water in the absence of ADH?
    a. Increased urea permeability
    b. Decreased aquaporin expression
    c. Enhanced solute movement into the interstitium
A

B

56
Q
  1. What is the consequence of increased urea concentration in the interstitium due to ADH?
    a. Inhibits urea recycling
    b. Enhances urea transporter 1 expression
    c. Promotes urea recycling
A

C

57
Q
  1. How does ADH affect the solute concentration in the interstitium of the medulla?
    a. Decreases solute concentration
    b. Increases solute concentration
    c. Has no effect on solute concentration
A

B

58
Q
  1. What is the primary impact of high blood flow in Vasa Recta in hypertensive patients?
    a. Increased urea recycling
    b. Reduced hyperosmolarity
    c. Decreased water reabsorption
A

C

59
Q
  1. How does ADH influence V1 receptors in Vasa Recta?
    a. Increases V1 receptor stimulation
    b. Decreases V1 receptor stimulation
    c. Has no effect on V1 receptors
A

A

60
Q
  1. What is the primary outcome of decreased blood flow through Vasa Recta in response to ADH?
    a. Increased washout of solutes
    b. Enhanced urea recycling
    c. Increased hyperosmolarity
A

C

61
Q
  1. What happens to blood flow in Vasa Recta with decreased V1 receptor stimulation?
    a. Increases blood flow
    b. Decreases blood flow
    c. Maintains constant blood flow
A

B

62
Q
  1. What happens to blood flow in Vasa Recta with decreased V1 receptor stimulation?
    a. Increases blood flow
    b. Decreases blood flow
    c. Maintains constant blood flow
A

A

63
Q
  1. How does ADH impact the permeability of the collecting duct in diuresis?
    a. Increases permeability to water
    b. Decreases permeability to water
    c. Enhances urea recycling
A

B

64
Q
  1. What is the main function of the first part of Vasa Recta in hypertensive patients?
    a. Reduces hyperosmolar gradient
    b. Absorbs solutes
    c. Increases blood flow
A

C

65
Q
  1. In negative free water clearance, what does a hyperosmolar patient excrete more of?
    a. Concentrated urine
    b. Isosmotic urine
    c. Diluted urine
A

A

66
Q
  1. What is the significance of increased urea transporter 1 expression in the presence of ADH?
    a. Inhibits urea recycling
    b. Decreases urea permeability
    c. Promotes concentrated urine
A

C

67
Q
  1. How does increased blood flow in Vasa Recta affect the washout of solutes?
    a. Increases washout
    b. Decreases washout
    c. Has no effect on washout
A

A

68
Q
  1. Why is the collecting duct impermeable to water in the absence of ADH?
    a. Decreased urea permeability
    b. Enhanced aquaporin expression
    c. Inhibition of urea transporter 1
A

A

69
Q
  1. What is the primary role of aquaporin 2 & 3 in the collecting duct during diuresis?
    a. Decreases water reabsorption
    b. Increases water reabsorption
    c. Promotes urea recycling
A

A

70
Q
  1. How does ADH affect blood flow through Vasa Recta in hypertensive patients?
    a. Decreases blood flow
    b. Increases blood flow
    c. Maintains constant blood flow
A

B

RP (4 decks)

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