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Medical Cell Biology and Genetics > L6-10- Metabolism overview > Flashcards

L6-10- Metabolism overview Flashcards

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1
Q

how many stages of catabolism of carbohydrates

A

4

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2
Q

stage 1

A

breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose

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3
Q

stage 2

A

glycolysis

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4
Q

stage 3

A

Kreb cycle/TCA

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5
Q

stage 4

A

Electron transport stage

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6
Q

outline stage 1

A

Extracellular process

  • breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose
  • glucose absorbed in the gut
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7
Q

outline stage 2

A

cytosolic and mitochondrial

- 1 glucose (C6) –> 2Pyruvtae, 2NADH and 2ATP

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8
Q

outline stage 3

A

mitochondrial

  • pyruvate loses a CO2 and is converted to Acetyl CoA
  • acetyl CoA enters the kerb cycle
  • produces NADH, GTP and FADH
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9
Q

GTP

A

ATP equivalent in Krebs cycle

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10
Q

outline stage 4

A
  • mitochondrial membrane
  • NADH and FADH from Kreb feeds into the ETC
  • Proton motive force is used to power the ATP synthase which synthesises ATP from ADP and Pi
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11
Q

stages 1 to 3 are

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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12
Q

stage 4 is

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

which stage produces the most TP

A

ETC

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14
Q

during stage 1 proteins are broken down into

A

amino acids

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15
Q

during stage 1 CHOs are broken down into

A

monosaccharides

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16
Q

name 3 monosaccharides

A

galactose
glucose
fructose

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17
Q

during stage 1 lipids are broken down into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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18
Q

all of catabolism of CHOs is

A

oxidation

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19
Q

what makes a step irreversible

A

when it loses carbon dioxide

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20
Q

glycolysis is a ….. process which produces…. ATP

A

exergonic… 2 ATP

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21
Q

name 3 enzymes which control glycolysis

A

1) hexokinase
2) phosphofructokinase
3) pyruvate kinase

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22
Q

glycolysis is ….. activated

A

hormonally

  • PFK
  • pyruvate kinase
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23
Q

where does hexokinase work

A

between glucose and glucose-6-phosphatw

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24
Q

hexokinase is an example of

A

a negative regulator

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25
Q

phosphofructokinase (PFK) is regulated differently by

A

the liver and the muscles

26
Q

How is PFK regulated in the muscle

A

allosteric regulation

27
Q

PFK in muscle stimulated by

A

AMP

28
Q

PFK in muscle inhibited by

A

ATP

29
Q

PFK in liver stimulated by

A

insulin

30
Q

PFK in liver inhibited by

A

glucagon

31
Q

phosphofructosekinase converts what to what

A

Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6- bisphopshate

32
Q

pyruvate kinase converts

A

phosphoenolpyruvate –> pyruvate

33
Q

Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by

A

phosphorylation- e.g protein kinase A (glucagon)

34
Q

pyruvate is stimulated byq

A

phosphatase (insulin)

35
Q

stage 3- Krebs cycle takes place in

A

mitochondrial matrix

36
Q

Krebs cycle known as

A

hub of metabolsim

37
Q

each pruvate goes round ….. to produce the products of the kreb cycle

A

2 cycles

38
Q

Krebs cycle is the central metabolism pathway for

A
  • sugar
  • fatty acids
  • ketone bodies
  • amino acids
  • alchohol
39
Q

what stimulates the kreb cycle

A

AMP and NAD+ (low energy signals)

40
Q

what inhibits the kreb cycle

A

ATP and NADH (high energy signals)

41
Q

products of the Kreb cycle

A

6 NADH
2 FAD2H
2 GTP
2 CO2 (from Acetyl- CoA)

42
Q

products form the kerb cycle are

A

precursors for biosynthesis

43
Q

stage 4- the electron transport chain requires

A

oxygen

44
Q

the ETC is where

A

most of the ATP is produced

45
Q

where does stage 4 take place

A

Cristae of the mitochondria

46
Q

outline stage 4

A

1) electrons from NADH and FADH (from glycolysis and Krebs) are given up to the PTC1
2) electrons from from PTC1 to PTC2 to PTC 3, this releases energy which pumps H+ ions across the membrane
3) At PTC3, oxygen combines with electrons and @H+ ions –> water released
4) high conc of H+ ions in the inner membrane compared to the inside of the mitochondria–> proton motive force
5) H+ ions diffuse through the ATP synthase down the conc. gradient

47
Q

energy released during electron transport

A

30% pumps H+ across the inner membrane

70% released as heat

48
Q

ATP synthase

A

ADP –> ATP

- Protons can only return across the membrane via ATP synthase

49
Q

what can affect ATP synthase production of ATP

A

uncoupling reactions

50
Q

PTC stands for

A

proton translocating compelx

51
Q

stage 1 of lipid metbolism

A

1) TAG broken down to glycerol and fatty acids.
2) fatty acids converted by to TAGa nd stored in adipose
3) Fatty acids released into blood during low blood glucose
4) fatty acid metabolism starts
5) fatty acids activated –> fatty acyl coA
6) carnitine shuffle
7) B oxidation of fatty acyl CoA to acetyl CoA
8) Acetyl CoA enters the kreb cycle and ATP synthase

52
Q

stage 1 of lipid metabolism

A
  • Triglycerides (TAG) eaten and converted to glycerol and fatty acids in the gut
  • fatty acids converted back to TAG and absented
  • TAG is then transported in the blood to adipose tissue via chylomicrons
  • TAG stored in adipose tissue
  • released as fatty acids when glucose is low and carried to consumer tissue as albumin-fatty acid complex
53
Q

what transports TAG to adipose tissue from the blood

A

chylomicrons

54
Q

when are fatty acids released from adipose tissue

A

when blood glucose is low

55
Q

how are fatty acids carried to consumer tissue

A

via the albumin-fatty acid complex

56
Q

stage 2 of lipid metabolism

A
  • fatty acid activation –> Acyl CoA
  • fatty acyl-Co-A binds to carnitine to produce Acyl carnitine (loses CoA)
  • acyl carnitine is then transported across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuffle transporter
  • once within the mitochondria the acyl carnitine lose carnitine loses and recombines with CoA to from Acyl CoA
57
Q

how are fatty acids activated by

A

combine with Coenzyme A by fatty acyl coA synthase to produce AcylCoA

58
Q

B-oxidation of lipids

A

when fatty acids chain gets oxidised within B-oxidation cycle

59
Q

every cycle of B-oxidation how many carbons are lost

A

2 carbons

60
Q

what is released during B-oxidation

A

FADH and NADH and acetyl coA (2C)

61
Q

FADH and NADH from B-oxidation

A

used to produce the proton motive force which powers ATP synthase

Medical Cell Biology and Genetics (33 decks)

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