L5.2 FAULTS AND FOLDS

Question 1

It is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.

Answer 1

Stratigraphy

Question 2

He presented four basic principles that govern the way that sedimentary rocks are deposited and layered.

Answer 2

Nicholas Steno

Question 3

These are the four basic principles that govern the way that sedimentary rocks are deposited and layered.

Answer 3

Steno’s Principles of Stratigraphy

Question 4

When did Nicholas Steno present his four basic principles?

Answer 4

17th Century

Question 5

STENO’S PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY

This law states that younger layers of rock sit atop older layers.

Answer 5

Law of Superposition

Question 6

STENO’S PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY

This law states that layers of sedimentary rock are originally deposited flat.

Answer 6

Law of Original Horizontality

Question 7

STENO’S PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY

This law states that rock layers A and B must be older than the intrusion (C) that disturbs them.

Answer 7

Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

Question 8

The Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships is later reinforced by who?

Answer 8

James Hutton

Question 9

STENO’S PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY

This law states that layers of rock are continuous until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition or until they are acted upon by agents that appeared after deposition took place.

Answer 9

Law of Lateral Continuity

Question 10

These are surfaces within rock sequences that represent gaps in the geologic record, due to periods of erosion or non-deposition, meaning some rock layers are missing, representing a “break” in time.

Answer 10

Unconformities

Question 11

TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES

These are between parallel layers of sedimentary rock. The rock layers on both sides of this unconformity are generally horizontal and have similar orientations.

Answer 11

Disconformity

Question 12

TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES

These are horizontally deposited sedimentary rock layers that are uplifted, tilted, or folded, eroded, and then covered by new, horizontally deposited layers

Answer 12

Angular unconformity

Question 13

TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES

An unconformity between younger sedimentary rocks and older igneous or metamorphic rocks.

Answer 13

Nonconformity