Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Exam > L5 Vision > Flashcards

L5 Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the particles that light emits?

A

Photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the photographic plate of the eye?

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do photons end up and what do they do?

A

Retinal pigment epithelium where they set off nerve pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What route do nerve pulses take in vision?

A

Optic nerve, optic pathways, occipital brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the retina involved in?

A

transduction and transmission to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the macula?

A

part of the retina at the back of the eye. It is only about 5mm across but is responsible for all of our central vision, most of our colour vision and the fine detail of what we see.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the fovea?

A

In the eye, a tiny pit located in the macula of the retina that provides the clearest vision of all. Only in the fovea are the layers of the retina spread aside to let light fall directly on the cones, the cells that give the sharpest image. Also called the central fovea or fovea centralis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What parts of the retina are involved in central vision?

A

Macular and fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is known at the blind spot?

A

Optic disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the optic disc located?

A

At the start of the optic nerve (which is slightly off-centre, nasal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

provide information to the visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the photopigment cells called?

A

Rods (black and white)

Cones (colour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the bottom layer of the retina?

A

Photopigment cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the 2 layers of neurons in the retina

A

Middle layer - bipolar cells (first neuron)

Ganglion cells - nearest to inner eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of cones?

A

S-cone (blue)
M-cone (green)
L-cone (red)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 3 differences between rods and cones

A

Cones more in centre - rods more in periphery
Cones good for bright light, rods good for dim light
Cones good for detail/colour, rods colour-blind, not good for detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When should you look slightly to the side/periphery to see better?

A

When it is dim/at night.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Refracts and re-focuses light to the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do rods and cones do?

A

Transduce light energy/photons into electrical energy. i.e. phototransduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is step 1 of phototransduction at the retina?

A

When light reaches photoreceptors photopigment is released in the form of opsin (cones) / rhodopsin (rods) + retinal, synthesised from vitamin A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What photopigment in addition to retinol is released by rods?

A

rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What photopigment in addition to retinol is released by cones?

A

Opsin

23
Q

Describe steps 2 and 3 of transduction

A
  1. Photopigment release sends signals to bipolar cells
  2. The bipolar cells pass the signal on to ganglion cells
    They pass it up the optic nerve.
    Neural processing in the retina!!!
24
Q

What is spatial array?

A

The arrangement/placement of what is occupying space in the visual field.

25
Q

What are visual field maps?

A

Visual neural tissue mimics the spatial array from the physical environment in visual field maps, starting at the retina, and also in the cortex.

26
Q

What is Retinotopic representation?

A

The ganglion cells in the retina preserve spatial layout of visual scene
Preserved up the pathway into V1 and extrastriate cortex (and even in parietal and frontal cortex)

27
Q

How many layers do all visual cortex have?

A

6 (1 is most dorsal/outer and 6 is most ventral/inner)

28
Q

Which cell layer in the visual cortex is packed with cell bodies i.e. the granular layer?

A

Layer 4

29
Q

What is the LGN?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus - a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina.

30
Q

Which cell layer in the visual cortex is the main arrival point from the LGN?

A

Layer 4

31
Q

Is segregation of information preserved through V1 layers in the visual cortex?

A

Yes

32
Q

Name the 3 specialist cells in the V1 layers

A
  1. Koniocellular (cones, colour) to blobs in layers 2/3.
  2. Parvocellular (cones, detail) to small cells in 4Cβ.
  3. Magnocellular (rods) to to 4Cα.
33
Q

Where does the Koniocellular pathway go in V1?

A

Layers 2/3 (cones, colour)

34
Q

Where does the Parvocellular pathway go in V1?

A

4Cβ (cones, detail)

35
Q

Where does the Magnocellular pathway go in V1?

A

4Cα (rods)

36
Q

What information do Magnocellular cells contain?

A

spatial information, movement

37
Q

What information do Parvocellular cells contain?

A

detail

38
Q

What information do Koniocellular cells contain?

A

colour

39
Q

What are Extrastriate visual cortical regions?

A

specialised visual field maps

40
Q

What aspect of the visual field is V2/V3 for?

A

further integration

41
Q

What aspect of the visual field is V3a for?

A

dynamic form, colour-blind

42
Q

What aspect of the visual field is V4 for?

A

space and colour

43
Q

What aspect of the visual field is V5 (MT, middle temporal) for?

A

motion

44
Q

What causes motion blindness?

A

bilateral damage to V5 / MT

45
Q

What other functions does vision interface with

A

Action (e.g. hitting a ball) and cognition (recognising people and objects)

46
Q

Which stream/pathway is responsible for object processing such as colour, texture, shape and size?

A

The ventral or what stream (temporal)

47
Q

Which stream/pathway is responsible for spatial processing such as location, movement, spatial transformations and spatial relations?

A

The dorsal or where stream (parietal)

48
Q

Which extrastriate visual cortical region does the ventral/what pathway originate from?

A

V4

49
Q

Which extrastriate visual cortical region does the dorsal/where pathway originate from?

A

V5/MT

50
Q

What is Fusiform gyrus?

A

Located in the temporal lobe, ventral stream) - plays important roles in object and face recognition, and recognition of facial expressions

51
Q

What is Prosopragnosia?

A

“face blindness”, is the inability to recognise faces.

52
Q

What is Bottom up processing?

A

mental processing of external stimuli i.e. data-driven

53
Q

What is Top down modulation?

A

mental control affecting lower levels of processing (i.e. directing attention toward encountered stimuli based on internal goals)

Biological Exam (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions