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Biological Exam > L4 Hormones and behaviour > Flashcards

L4 Hormones and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream where it is carried to a distant site to exert its effect

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless and secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system (e.g. to other endocrine glands or other sites).

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3
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Release hormones into ducts which carry hormones to their targets?

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of exocrine glands?

A

Sweat ducts, tear ducts.

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5
Q

Name the 3 categories of hormones based on their chemical structure

A

Peptide, amine, steroid.

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6
Q

Give 1 example of a peptide hormone

A

Oxytocin, insulin

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7
Q

Give 1 example of a amine hormone

A

Melatonin, epinephrine

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8
Q

Give 1 example of a steroid hormone

A

Cortisol, progesterone

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9
Q

Can hormones directly change behaviour?

A

Not exactly - they change the intensity or probability of a behaviour

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10
Q

Can hormones interact with one another?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What are 3 key differences between hormones and neurotransmitters?

A
  1. NT are released by neurons, received by adjacent neurons, alter membrane potential
  2. Hormones are released into the bloodstream and can travel longer distances
  3. NT tend to be fast acting but short lived whereas hormones take longer to release bu last longer.
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12
Q

Hormones have functions which can be more or less behavioural. Name 2 of the more behavioural types and the hormones that are involved.

A

Stress - fight or flight (cortisol, adrenaline)
Reproduction and differing behaviours between sexes (testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin, oxytocin).
Ingestive behaviours and appetite (ghreline, leptin)
Sleep and wakefulness (meltatonin)

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13
Q

Hormones have functions which can be more or less behavioural. Name 2 of the less behavioural types and the hormones that are involved.

A

Growth/muscles (growth hormone) [feeding and exercise]
Blood sugar regulation (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) [dysregulation can impact on global functioning]
Fluid balance/blood pressure (anti-diuretic hormone [ADH]), aldosterone/vasopressin, renin) [drinking behaviours, thirst]
Digestion (secretin) [feeding behaviour]
Metabolism (thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine) [global impact]

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways that hormones are regulated?

A
  1. Centrally by neural signals (eg posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus)
  2. Hormonal signals e.g. tropic hormones
  3. Non-hormonal signals e.g. blood glucose affecting insulin
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15
Q

Name 3 hormonal axes

A

HPA: Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: Stress
Preparing the body to respond to danger (also energy expenditure, digestion, mood, emotion)
HPG: Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis: Reproduction
Regulate ovarian and menstrual cycles (female), testosterone and sperm production (male)
HPT: Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis: Metabolism
Chemical processes that support life e.g. growth, differentiation, reproduction, intelligence

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16
Q

What are the 2 major classes of hormonal effects?

A

Organisational - permanent changes, occur during critical periods of development
Activational - temporary, can occur at any time

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17
Q

What does the Y chromosome have that the X chromosome doesn’t?

A

Sex-determining region (SRY)

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18
Q

If a Y chromosome is present, what happens at week 6 of gestation?

A

SRY gene clicks a master switch releasing SRY protein, a testis-determining factor which means, primordial gonads develop into testes, the Mullerian system withers away and the Woffian system develops.

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19
Q

Which set of reproductive ducts is the male system?

A

Wolffian system

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20
Q

Which set of reproductive ducts is the female system?

A

Mullerian system

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21
Q

What are traditionally regarded as male hormones?

A

Androgens

22
Q

What are traditionally regarded as female hormones?

A

Estrogens

23
Q

What cascade of events/hormones is involved in puberty?

A

Hypothalamus - GnRH (gonadatropin-releasing hormones)
Anterior pituitary gland (FSH, LH)
Testes - testosterone or ovaries - estradiol

24
Q

What 2 specific types of hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

Releasing hormones

Release-inhibiting factors

25
Q

What gland is called the master gland?

A

Pituitary gland - specifically the anterior pituitary gland

26
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Plays an important role in biological rhythms, releases melatonin

27
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary gland receive input from?

A

the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and supraopticnuclei of the hypothalamus

28
Q

What types of hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Protein hormones

29
Q

What are the 2 principal hormones that the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

oxytocin and

vasopressin (or antidiuretic hormone, ADH)

30
Q

What types of hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

Tropic hormones

31
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary gland receive input from?

A

Receives input from release of hypothalamic-releasing hormones and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

32
Q

What are the 6 main hormones that the anterior pituitary gland releases?

A

1.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Adrenal
2.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyriod
3.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Female = ovaries, eggs
Males = sperm
4.Luteinizing hormone (LH) Female = Release eggs, increase progesterone Males = Testes produce testosterone
5.Prolactin - Lactation and parental behaviours
6.Growth hormone (GH) - Influences growth of cells and tissues

33
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

At the top of each kidney

34
Q

What are the adrenal glands organised into?

A

Organised into adrenal cortex (outer rind) andadrenal medulla (inner core)

35
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine

36
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release?

A

cortisol

37
Q

Which part of the nervous system is the flight or flight response involved with?

A

sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

In the physiological response to fight-or-flight, what neuron transmits the message from the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neuron

39
Q

What effects does epinephrine have on the body?

A

(i) increased glucose metabolism, (ii) increased heart rate and blood pressure, (iii) pupil dilation and (iv) acceleration of instantaneous reflexes

40
Q

How is cortisol release through the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
CRH stimulates release of corticotropin (ACTH) in the anterior pituitary gland
ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol in adrenal cortex

41
Q

What effects does cortisol have in the fight or flight response?

A

Influences carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. Cortisol increases blood glucose to make available energy to use in the face of challenge
Also accelerates the breakdown of proteins
In high levels, have an anti-inflammatory effect
Cortisol will increase following exposure to a stressor
Brief release of cortisol can improve attention and memory, and enhance activity of immune system

42
Q

What 3 systems in the body can hormones influence?

A

Input (sensory systems)
Integration (CNS)
Output (muscles)

43
Q

What hormone has been shown to increase after winning a football match?

A

Testosterone

44
Q

What happens to maternal hormones during late pregnancy?

A

A rapid decline in progesterone following a sustained increase, together with an increase in oestrogen, prolactin and oxytocin

45
Q

Where is oxytocin release?

A

In the posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

What is referred to as the love or cuddle hormone?

A

Oxytocin

47
Q

What hormone has been shown to be increased during more trustworthy behaviour?

A

Oxytocin

48
Q

What has been shown to be the ‘dark side’ of oxytocin?

A

Has been shown to promote trust and bonding but only to one’s in-group. Could contribute to intergroup conflict.

49
Q

What has research shown to be different between animals and humans regarding testosterone and aggression?.

A

Unlike in animals, in humans
Aggression does not increase as testosterone increases
Castration does not remove aggression
Injections designed to increase testosterone do not always increase aggression

50
Q

What rhythm does testosterone show?

A

Diurnal

51
Q

What did Welling et al. shown in 2016?

A

Males picked a more masculine version of their own face after receiving testosterone (versus placebo)
More so in males with lowbaseline testosterone
Suggests that a single administration of testosterone can rapidly influence male perception of their own physical dominance

52
Q

Which area of the brain is implicated in impulse control and self regulation?

A

orbitofrontal cortex

Biological Exam (7 decks)

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