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History: The British Empire (NEA) > L5: Scramble for Africa > Flashcards

L5: Scramble for Africa Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was Britain in such a strong position?

A

Their navy dominated the seas

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2
Q

What happened to all European countries during the Industrial Revolution?

A

They expanded and industrialized

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3
Q

What did the expansion of other European countries mean for Britain and its empire?

A

It faced a lot more competition as other nations were taking lands in Asia and neighbouring middle east

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4
Q

Which nations were now competing with Britain?

A

Germany, France and Russia were now flexing their imperial muscles

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5
Q

What was France’s imperial features?

A

Reformed army
Established foothold in Indo-China in the 1860’s
Defeated Germany in 1874

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6
Q

What was Germany’s imperial features?

A

Newly united as one country
Huge wealth of natural resources
Began annexing areas of African coastline in 1884

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7
Q

What was Russia’s imperial features?

A

Had borders all the way to Afghanistan in 1884
Building up navy
Developing railways

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8
Q

Which continent became a focus for nations with imperial powers?

A

Africa

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9
Q

What was the scramble for Africa?

A

2 conferences held which were held to facilitate Europeans access and control in Africa. These conferences were the Berlin and Brussells conferences.

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10
Q

When was the Brussels conference?

A

1876

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11
Q

Who organised the Brussels conference?

A

King Leopald of Belgium

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12
Q

Why did King Leopald of Belgium hold the Brussels conference?

A

He cemented Belgiums interests and influence around the Congo Basin

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13
Q

How did other nations react to Leopald’s Brussels conference?

A

The other nations increased their suspicion and competitions by sending in their own explorers to see what Belgium was upto

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14
Q

When was the Berlin conference?

A

1884-1885

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15
Q

Who organised the Berlin conference?

A

Otto von Bismark of Germany

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16
Q

Why did Otto von Bismark of Germany hold the Berlin conference?

A

He wanted to iron out the issues that had come from the Brussels conference

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17
Q

What did the Berlin conference establish?

A

Free trade for all in the Congo basin and Outlet rivers
The principle of “effective occupation”

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18
Q

What was the principle of effective occupation?

A

A European power that could assert a claim to land that if “effectively occupied” which demonstrated that they had a local treaty agreement, an active administration and was able to police the territory it claimed

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19
Q

What did the Berlin conference allow Britain to do?

A

Britain was able to spend the next 2 decades establishing a huge range of new areas of control in Africa

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20
Q

How did Britain establish a range of new areas to control in Africa?

A

Producing protectorates (and showing off effective occupation to the conference)

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21
Q

What is a protectorate?

A

A strong state that protects or partly controls a weaker state or territory

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22
Q

Where did the British establish protectorates?

A

Ashantiland
Nigeria
Zanzibar
Uganda
Kenya
Rhodesia
Nyasaland

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23
Q

Where was Ashantiland?

A

West Africa

24
Q

Who were the Ashanti’s?

A

An ethnic group which had once possessed a large empire along the Gulf of Guinea

25
Q

What did Britain demand from the Ashantis?

A

British demanded that their king, Prempeh, should turn over the remainder of his empire to the British as a protectorate

26
Q

How did King Prempeh react to Britain’s demands?

A

The king refused which resulted in a fourth Anglo-Ashanti war

27
Q

What was the Anglo-Ashanti war?

A

1896
Britain conquered the Ashanti territories and forced King Prempeh from his throne

28
Q

When was the final uprising of Ashantiland and what did it lead to?

A

1900
Led to Britain’s formal annexation of the kingdom

29
Q

Where was Nigeria?

A

West Africa

30
Q

How did Britain establish their claim to Nigeria?

A

By virtue of their occupation and by an 1890 agreement with the French

31
Q

What was Britain’s 1890 agreement with France?

A

The French agreed to recognize Britains domination in the area as long as Britain recognizes the French claim to Madagascar

32
Q

What did the British take over from Nigeria?

A

The British government took over the responsibilities of the Royal Niger Company

33
Q

When did Britain establish direct control in North Nigeria?

A

1900

34
Q

When did Britain establish direct control in South Nigeria?

A

1906

35
Q

When was Nigeria eventually unified?

A

1914

36
Q

Where was Zanzibar?

A

East Africa

37
Q

When did Britain declare Zanzibar a protectorate of Britain?

A

1890 after they a treaty establishing spheres of influence in East Africa

38
Q

What did Britain install in Zanzibar in 1890?

A

Its own “puppet” Sultan, Hamad bin Thuwaini

39
Q

When did Hamad bin Thuwaini die and what was the consequences?

A

The mysterious death of Sultan Hamad in 1896 led to the accession of his cousin Khalid

40
Q

What was the problem with the accession of cousin Khalid in Zanzibar?

A

It was done without Britains blessing which led to a confrontation

41
Q

How did the British react to cousin Khalid’s accession in Zanzibar?

A

The British ordered Khalid to stand down in which he refused and Britain mounted a bombardment of Sultans palace

42
Q

How did the British react to cousin Khalid’s accession in Zanzibar?

A

The British ordered Khalid to stand down in which he refused and Britain mounted a bombardment of Sultans palace

43
Q

How long did the war between Khalid in Zanzibar and Britain last?

A

38 minutes when Khalid was overthrown and was replaced by Sultan Hamud for 6 years under British protectorate

44
Q

Where is Kenya?

A

East Africa

45
Q

When did British become interested in Kenya?

A

The Berlin Conference when it fell into Britains sphere of influence

46
Q

Why was Kenya a useful territory for Britain?

A

It offered a route from the coast to Uganda

47
Q

How did Britain try and force their control in Kenya?

A

They made use of a succession dispute between the native Mazrui and the muslim majority

48
Q

How long did it take for Britain to crush opposition in Kenya?

A

9 months

49
Q

When and how did Britain claim Kenya?

A

Sheikh Mbaruk fled and this territory became part of Britains East Africa Protectorate of 1895

50
Q

Where is Rhodesia?

A

South Africa

51
Q

Who established a British presence in Rhodesia?

A

Cecil Rhodes

52
Q

What did Cecil Rhodes do in Rhodesia?

A

He used force to establish British settlers but half of these settlers died in wars with the natives

53
Q

Where was Nyasaland?

A

A small territory in South Africa that was opened by David Livingstone and settled by Scottish settlers

54
Q

What did these Scottish settlers in Nyasaland face?

A

Portuegese backed arab attacks and was not until 1891 until they were able to establish control

55
Q

When did Nyasaland become a protectorate?

A

1907 under the operating control of Rhodes British South African Company

History: The British Empire (NEA) (9 decks)

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