L5 - Prejudice and Stereotypes Flashcards
What is a schema ?
Organisation of features around a central representation
Cognitive representation of thoughts and ideas providing a framework
What are stereotypes ?
Underlying cognitive structures that shape our judgments and perceptions
Impressions of other people dominated by central characteristics
What are cognitive stereotypes ?
To save energy - simplify how we think
Make predictions - use categories to make inferences
What are motivational stereotypes ?
Maintain self esteem - social identity and self concept, comparisons with less competent others
Associate others as bad and us as good
What are illusory correlations ?
A relationship where there is none or an exaggeration
Based on schemas
Assume they are connected but they are not
What is the rule of succession ?
It is based on previous occurrences with the people
What is the Gestalt model ?
Assuming that all parts are inseparable
Central traits - attended to because they agree with schema
Peripheral traits - not attended to because they clash
First impressions count
What is the algebraic model ?
Averages the information that is received
Additive model
What is the configural model ?q
Certain elements dominate and can influence interpretation of others
Can result in cognitive dissonance
We drive for unified impressions
What is the Princeton Trilogy ?
Assign traits to members of ethnic and national groups
High consensus in stereotype attribution
Favourable to own group and negative to other groups
However, negative stereotypes have faded over the years but cannot say for certain
What are implicit associations ?
Implicit bias is a universal feature of social cognition
Show preferences for in groups
What is the implicit associations test ?
68% participants implicit preference for white race
Stronger effect sizes than self report measures
Have real world application especially within the private sector
Academics will collab with those who are the same as them
What is Devine’s first study about stereotype processes ?
No difference between high and low prejudice participants
What is Devine’s second study about stereotype processes ?
Subconscious priming of black stereotypes
Interpretation of ambiguous behaviour
Rated as more hostile after priming
What is Devine’s third study about stereotype processes ?
List thoughts about black people under anonymous conditions
High prejudice - negative traits
Low prejudice - emphasised equality
Everyone hold prejudice
Schema is activated dependant on what you are trying to achieve
What is the difference between prejudice ad discrimination ?
Prejudice - unfavourable attitude
Discrimination - singling members out and acting upon the prejudice
Dehumanisation - stripping people of their dignity
What is the bystander effect ?
You are influenced by who is with you
Ps heard an emergency in the next room, they were slower if the victim was of a different ethnicity
What is ‘new racism’ ?
Racism is expressed in a new modern way
Detected by bystander effect, language, indirect measures, non-verbal behaviour
What are the theories of prejudice and discrimination ?
Social processes - mere exposure, social learning (internal prejudice), social identity (maximise inter-group differences)
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Personality - authoritarianism, dogmatism, social dominance (prejudice hidden through dominance)
Belief congruence theory (similar beliefs = social harmony)
Why do sex stereotypes exist ?
Certain roles are sex typed
Warm but incompetent jobs for women
What is the glass ceiling effect ?
Stereotypes prevent promotion due to competence perceptions
Maintained by media
