L4 - Motivation

Question 1

What is motivation ?

Answer 1

Questions regarding origins, drives and predictors
The driving force behind behaviour

Question 2

What are our biological needs ?

Answer 2

Serve the evolutionary purpose of survival and are a powerful influence on motivation

Question 3

What are our psychological needs ?

Answer 3

Self actualisation
Explains motivated behaviour such as exploratory behaviour

Question 4

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs ?

Answer 4

Deficiency needs:
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belongingness and love
Being needs:
Esteem
Self actualisation

Question 5

What are the motives for social judgement ?

Answer 5

Desire for knowledge - you want knowledge to be correct, once you find out you find out more
Desire for coherence - reduce contradictions
Affirmation of competence - think of ourselves positively

Question 6

What is the self-determination theory ?

Answer 6

Achieved by autonomous motivation
Autonomy, competence and relatedness
Results in maximum intrinsic motivation

Question 7

What are the different types of motivation ?

Answer 7

Intrinsic - aims for mastery, brings enjoyment
Extrinsic - rewards, external pressures
Amotivation - no inclination to do anything either way

Question 8

What is the cognitive evaluation theory ?

Answer 8

Focus on interaction between intrinsic motivation and other factors
Competence and autonomy
Rewards could be the sole driver of behaviour or as indicators of competence

Question 9

What is the research for self-determination theory ?

Answer 9

Students were asked to solve problems under 3 sessions (paid, unpaid, oops ran out of money
Paid students spent more time solving
When reward was removed it reduced time

Question 10

How do rewards and intrinsic motivation have an impact ?

Answer 10

Makes competence information salient
Verbal rewards - can be perceived as controlling
Be aware of interpersonal context

Question 11

What is the structure equation model ?

Answer 11

Autonomy support - predicts changes in satisfaction, changes in engagement
Teacher control - predicts changes in frustration, disengagement
Engagement - increases when teacher support students autonomy and needs

Question 12

What is the research into over-justification effect ?

Answer 12

Expected reward condition
Non reward condition
Unexpected reward condition
Quality of pictures lower in the expected reward compared to unexpected and non reward

Question 13

What are the over justification and undermining effects ?

Answer 13

Over justification/undermining - rewards indicate the cause of behaviour is external, focus on rewards in advanced of task completion
Both indicate salient rewards, perception being controlled

Question 14

What are the reward effects on intrinsic motivation ?

Answer 14

Tangible rewards -
Not expected, not predicted to affect intrinsic motivation
Expected, typology of contingencies
Meta-analysis of undermining effects - theory broadly supported, does not occur for boring tasks, salient rewards result in a strong undermining effect, tangible rewards are more detrimental, verbal feedback enhances IM

Question 15

What are some alternative explanations for motivation ?

Answer 15

Behaviours rewards are culturally valued
When rewards are unrelated to performance, people feel helpless
Rewarded people may attribute performances less to themselves

Question 16

What are the 10 basic values ?

Answer 16

Relevant to all societies
Organised into a structure where some complement and some inhibit
Universalism
Benevolence
Conformity
Tradition
Security
Power
Achievement
Hedonism
Stimulation
Self-direction

Question 17

What are the dynamics between values ?

Answer 17

Actions in pursuit of values can be compatible or may conflict with the pursuit of other values
Actions that express obedience may conflict with actions intended to express independence, complement actions promoting social order
Adjacent value types are assumed to be most compatible

Question 18

What are the critiques of values ?

Answer 18

Not all cultures group them the same way
Values don’t equal behaviour
Low predictive power
Not personal beliefs
Spiritually neglected

Question 19

What is self-regulation theory ?

Answer 19

Purposeful, self-corrective, adjustments to pursue personal goals
Possible future self - unrealistic potential, what you might be, gives us direction and purpose
Goals are reference values for feedback purposes

Question 20

What is the discrepancy theory ?

Answer 20

Compare actual, ideal and ought to self (prevention focused, duty and responsibility)

Question 21

What are incentives, needs and goals ?

Answer 21

Incentives - higher ordered desired outcome
Need - personal forces that narrow down classes of incentives
Goals - lower order aims that serve incentives
- Assigned goals can be transformed into personal goals
- Self set goals tend to be desirable and feasible

Question 22

What are autonomic reflexive goals ?

Answer 22

Automotive theory - goals can become activated without awareness
Existence of implicit motives - incentives that don’t require awareness

Question 23

What is Oettingen, 2000 goal setting research ?

Answer 23

Fantasy realisation theory
Study about day dreams
Fantasy reality - most eager, high expectation for success
Positive fantasy - no necessity to react
Negative fantasy - ignore positive aspects, no direction to act