L3 - Social Cognition and Perception Flashcards
What is social cognition
How attitudes, representations, judgments , expectations influence our beliefs, intentions and behaviour
Assumes a rational, reasoned decision maker
Understanding how people construct own social world
Compromises a set of cognitive structures and processes that affect and are affected by social context
What is categorisation ?
People devise short cut strategies to simplify nature of incoming information
A way of simplifying perceptions
Grouping of objects
Rule based approach
Prototypical approach - members share something in common
Exemplar approach - quintessential category members
Associative networks - network of linked attributes activated through spreading activation
What is a schema ?
Cognitive representation
Mental heuristics make thinking easy
Generalise in time and space about objects characteristics and properties - dependant on an individual
Influence information processing
Implicitly activated and affect judgement
Guide how we encode and remember and respond
What is entrepreneurship alertness schemata ?
Scanning and search - persistent in investigating new ideas
Association and connection - processing information in creative ways to make extensions in logic
Evaluation and judgement - new information that is relevant to the individuals interests
Breadth of cross cultural experience
Depth of cross cultural experience
What is the structural equation model ?
Breadth and depth of cross cultural experience
Goes onto Entrepreneurial alertness schemata
Goes onto entrepreneurial intensions
What are cognitive misers ?
Social perception as a problem solving task
Laziness
Rely on heuristic for decision making
Process salient information
What are heuristics ?
The availability of information - instances that are brough to mind
Representativeness - is a person an example of a schema
Anchoring and adjustment - using information about initial schema
What are causal attributions ?
The Naïve Scientist - common sense theories
Inferring causes from observable behaviour - predict and control environment
Dispositions (internal) - stable e.g. personality
Situations (external) - changeable e.g. weather
What is the covariation model ?
Most influential model of attribution
Distinctiveness - does this person behave this way in other situations
Consistency - does this person regularly behave this way
Consensus - do other people behave this way
Multiple observations needed, tendency to under use consensus, false consensus bias, time and motivation ?
What are attribution biases ?
Fundamental attribution error - Salience of actor, differential forgetting over time, like to believe we have control
Actor observer bias - tendency to make dispositional attributions for others and situational attributions for ourselves
What is attribution, blame and forgiveness ?
Differences in attribution of victims
Victims - see transgression as intentional
Perspective taking - victims asked to take the perspective of the transgressor reduce effects
Self serving bias
Ethnocentrism - group serving bias
What is public perception ?
Measure of public feelings that don’t necessarily correspond to reality
Public deficit model
Upstream engagement
Risk perceptions
Affect heuristic
Public deficit model
Examined empirically
What is the public deficit model ?
Knowledge correlates positively with general attitudes moderately
Different pattern within specific areas - factor analysis on attitudes towards different research areas
Significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes
How should you write for a public audience ?
Do not use jargon
Would a non-specialist understand ?
Theorized processes in clear terms
Do not assume previous knowledge
How do you process psychological distance ?
Evolution human capacity for abstract mental representation
Guide predictions
Planning for near and distant situations
Word stroop task
Irrelevant stimuli can slow or speed responses
What is the core concept of psychological distance ?
Temporal, spatial, social distance and uncertainty are related
One gets active then they all get activated
Words were irrelevant to the task but still interfered with performance
Manipulating one aspect can influence another
How is climate change effected by psychological distance ?
Geographical distance - affecting local and distant areas
Social distance - disproportionate effects on developing countries
Temporally - seen as happening now
Objects in the distance will be considered in more abstract terms
More confident about events in the future
What is the fundamental attribution error ?
The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors in attribution
