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202 Theme 1 - Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > L5 Neural Tissues > Flashcards

L5 Neural Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A

•CNS is the brain & spinal cord; PNS is all else. CNS is associated with Cerebrospinal fluid. CNS has a different cohort of glial cells (egoligodendrocytes vs Schwann cells)

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2
Q

Which embryonic layer/tissue is the nervous system derived from?

A

•Ectoderm (or neuroectoderm)

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3
Q

What are the main functions of neuroglia?

A
  • Protect, nourish, support
  • Make myelin (and increase conduction velocity)
  • Regulate fluid and ion transport across membranes
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4
Q

What is a Node of Ranvier?

A
  • On an axon, this is a segment of an axon that is not covered with myelin, but is bare and facing the extracellular fluid
  • It is an excitable part of the axon (whereas membrane under myelin is not excitable)

–Na+ channels are clustered at nodes

•This is where action potentials occur, and it is fundamental in saltatory conduction

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5
Q

What is myelin?

A
  • Myelin is a protective substance surrounding axons that is made up of successive layers of plasma membrane. As such, it is mostly lipid bilayers.
  • It works as an electrical insulator
  • It increases transmembrane resistance and decreases transmembrane capacitance
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6
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A
  • By reducing transmembrance conductance, myelin can lead to saltatory conduction
  • Thus myelin increases conduction velocity.
  • This means axons can have a thinner diameter and retain their conduction velocity
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7
Q

What histological and physiological traits distinguish a neuron?

A
  • Neurites (outgrowths)
  • Excitability (can have action potentials)
  • Many neurons have quite large cell bodies
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8
Q

What histological traits distinguish an astrocyte?

A

•Many processes

–Star shaped

•Its feet abut blood vessels

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9
Q

What histological traits distinguish a microglial cell?

A
  • Small compared to other glia
  • Spindly processes
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10
Q

What histological traits distinguish an ependymal cell?

A
  • Adjacent to a Site of CSF
  • Organised as an epithelial layer

–I.e. highly cellular

–cilia

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11
Q

What histological traits distinguish an oligodendrocyte?

A

•Can surround multiple axons

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12
Q

What histological traits distinguish a Schwann cell?

A
  • Wrapped around an axon
  • Only around a single axon
  • Peripheral nervous system only
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13
Q

What histological traits distinguish
a satellite cell in the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Small and round
  • Located as a group around a neuron’s large soma
  • Often shown in Dorsal Root ganglia
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14
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A
  • It communicates information quickly (allowing organism to respond to the environment)
  • It does this by firing axon potentials
  • In networks, it integrates information
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15
Q

What is the function of an astrocyte?

A
  • Support of nervous tissue
  • Contributes to blood vessel control in CNS

–Perfusion, possibly permeability

  • May be involved in the blood brain barrier
  • Repair of nervous tissue after trauma
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16
Q

What is the function of a microglial cell?

A

•Immune defense in the CNS

–Protect nervous tissue

–CNS is immune-privileged due to blood brain barrier

–Antibodies from rest of body are not in CNS

–CNS cannot tolerate inflammation

17
Q

What is the function of an ependymal cell?

A

•Forms CSF

–Controls fluid and ion transport

•Forms the epithelium that lines ventricular system

18
Q

What is the function of an oligodendrocyte?

A

•Forms myelin in CNS

–Increase conduction velocity

–Insulates axons

–Increases transmembrane resistance & decreases capacitance

19
Q

What is the function of a Schwann cell?

A

•Makes myelin in the peripheral nervous system

–Increases conduction velocity

–Insulates axons

–Increases transmembrane resistance & decreases capacitance

20
Q

What is the function of a satellite cell in the peripheral nervous system?

A

•In PNS, these support neurons

–Control microenvironment

–Similar roles to astrocytes

•Protect and cushion neurons

21
Q

Name a cell type or place where you would find a multipolar neuron.

A
  • Many possible answers, including
  • Cerebral cortex –Pyramidal cells
  • Cerebellar cortex–Purkinje neurons
22
Q

Name a cell type or place where you would find a bipolar neuron.

A
  • Many possible answers, including
  • Retina

–Bipolar cells

•ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve

–Bipolar cells

23
Q

Name a cell type or place where you would find a pseudounipolarneuron.

A
  • Best example is dorsal root ganglia
  • Also in semilunar ganglia of trigeminal nerve
24
Q

Name a place where you would find afferent neurons.

A
  • Many examples including sensory neurons from
  • Special senses (retinal ganglia, cochlea, etc)
  • Sensory neurons (and pain receptors) from skin
  • Proprioceptors from muscles
25
Q

Name a place where you would find efferent neurons

A
  • Many examples including motor outputs from brain
  • Motor cortex
  • Ventral horn of spinal cord
26
Q

What kind of axon fibres have the fastest conduction velocity?

A
  • Neurons that are myelinated
  • Neurons that have a large cross-sectional area
  • E.g. Alpha motor neurons
27
Q

Name 4 ways in which glia (in general) differ from neurons (in general).

A
  • Neurons have action potentials, glia do not *E
  • Glia do not form synapses
  • Glia are able to divide, neurons cannot *E
  • Glia form myelin sheaths
  • Neurons are usually bigger *E
  • There are many more glial cells than neurons
28
Q

Name 4 differences between a glioma and a neuroblastoma.

A
  • Glioma typically affects older individuals, neuroblastoma typically affects babies and very young individuals
  • Glioma is usually inside cranium, neuroblastoma is usually outside cranium
  • Glioma often has a poor outcome (malignant), neuroblastoma often has a good outcome
  • Neuroblastoma often secrete catecholamines, leading to high blood catecholamines
29
Q

Name two differences between an oligodendrocyte and a Schwann cell.

A
  • Oligodendrocyte is in CNS
  • Oligodendrocyte typically myelinates many neurons
30
Q

What kind of neurons (histologically) would you expect to find in the dorsal root ganglia?

A

•Pseudounipolar

31
Q

Name two locations where you would expect to find ganglia in the peripheral nervous system.

A
  • Enteric nervous system –Auerbach’s and Meissner’s
  • Parasympathetic ganglia in glands
  • Sympathetic chain ganglia
32
Q

Approximately how many neurons are in the brain?

A
  • 1011
  • 100 (American) billion
33
Q

What is a Brodmann area

A

•A region of nervous tissue on the cerebral cortex

–E.g. the primary visual cortex (V1) of the occipital cortex is Brodmann area 17

–E.g. the motor cortex is Brodmann area 4

•Each region is defined by its structure or organisation of cells

34
Q

Which part of the prefrontal cortex is nearest to the primary auditory cortex (on the outer shell of the temporal lobe): ventrolateral, ventromedial, dorsolateral, dorsomedial?

A

•Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is closest to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

202 Theme 1 - Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (13 decks)

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