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202 Theme 1 - Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > L3 Spinal cord to the diencephalon > Flashcards

L3 Spinal cord to the diencephalon Flashcards

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1
Q

•Central nervous system is formed from _____derm

A

•Central nervous system is formed from ectoderm

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2
Q

List the 3 steps in neuro

A
  • Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
  • Cells thicken to form neural plate
  • Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube
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3
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Development of the nervous system

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4
Q

At embryonic day 20, the cells at edges of neural plate are called _________ cells

A

Neural crest cells

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5
Q

Label the diagram of neurulation

A
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6
Q

At embryonic day 24, ________ cells migrate into _______ and differentiate

A

At embryonic day 24, neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate

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7
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate into…

A

(1) Autonomic and sensory neurons and glia
(2) Cells of the adrenal gland
(3) Melanocytes
(4) Skeletal/connective tissue of the head

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8
Q

What does the mantle layer become?

A
  • Becomes brain parenchyma
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9
Q

What does the Ependymal layer become?

A

Lines the ventricles

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10
Q

What happens at embryonic day 24 after neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate?

A

•Neural tube thickens

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11
Q

What does the lumen become?

A
  • Becomes ventricles + central canal
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12
Q

Complete the diagram on embryonic day 24 of neurulation

A
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13
Q

•Neural tube defects occur in ~1/______ established pregnancies

A

1000

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14
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

= Anencephaly (fatal)

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15
Q

What is spina bifada?

A

Failure of posterior neural tube to close

= Spina bifida (divided by a cleft)

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16
Q

Name the types of neural tube defect circled on the diagram

A
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17
Q

What type of spina bifida does this show?

A

Spina bifida occulta (hidden, vertebral arch defect only)

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18
Q

What type of spina bifida does this show?

A

Spina bifida cystica (e.g.; meningocele = meninges projects out)

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19
Q

How are primary brain vesicles formed?

A

•Expansion of cranial end to form main brain regions (primary vesicles)

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20
Q

In what direction does the development of the cervical and cephalic flexures occur?

A

Sagittal

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21
Q

Complete the diagram of the primary brain vesicles

A
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22
Q

Label where the cervical and cephalic flexures are on the diagram

A
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23
Q

What does the telencephalon form?

A

(Cerebral hemispheres)

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24
Q

What do the optic vesicles form?

A

Eyes

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25
Q

What does the diencephalon form?

A

Diencephalon (Thalamus/hypothalamus)

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26
Q

What does the metencephalon form?

A

(Pons/Cerebellum)

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27
Q

What does the myelencephalon form?

A

Myelencephalon (Medulla)

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28
Q

Label the brain directions

A
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29
Q

Complete the diagram of the development of secondary brain vesicles

A
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30
Q

What direction does the pontine flexure develop in?

A

sagittal

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31
Q

Label where the pontine flexure is on the diagram

A
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32
Q

Complete the diagram

A
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33
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

Grey matter - mainly neuronal cell bodies (e.g. cerebral cortex, brain nuclei)

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34
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

White matter- mainly myelinated axons

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35
Q

Label the areas of the brain

A
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36
Q

What are the 5 functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • Receives primary afferent fibres from somatic and visceral structures
  • Sends motor axons to skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic function
  • Regulation of bodily functions at unconscious level (reflexes)
  • Conveys ascending and descending tracts
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37
Q

•Spinal cord extends from ______ to _______

A

•Spinal cord extends from atlas to L1

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38
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Cauda equina (Lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral roots)

In lumbar cistern

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39
Q

Complete the diagram on the anatomy of the spinal cord

A
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40
Q
  • Spinal cord narrows at L1 to form ___________
A
  • Spinal cord narrows at L1 to form conus medullaris
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41
Q
  • ____________ (pia extension) attaches to coccyx
A
  • Terminal filum (pia extension) attaches to coccyx
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42
Q

The spinal cord sits protected within the _________ (in the __________)

A

•Sits protected within vertebral column (in vertebral canal)

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43
Q

Where does the spinal cord recieve its blood supply from?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries (from the vertebral arteries)

Segmental spinal arteries (at each level)

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44
Q

Complete the diagram on the anatomy of the spinal cord

A
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45
Q

Complete the diagram on the blood supply to the spinal cord

A
46
Q

What does the division of the spinal cord correlate to?

A

(Corresponds to where spinal nerves from that region exit the vertebral column)

47
Q

What does the cervical enlargement innervate?

A
  • innervation to upper limb
48
Q

What does the lumbosacral enlargement innervate?

A

Lower limbs

49
Q

Complete the diagram on the anatomy of the spinal cord

A
50
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, spinal nerves connect the periphery to the spinal cord

A

In the peripheral nervous system, spinal nerves connect the periphery to the spinal cord

51
Q

What nerves make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

31 pairs, each formed by a dorsal and ventral root

52
Q

Are ventral roots efferent or afferent fibres?

A

Efferent

53
Q

Are dorsal roots efferent or afferent fibres?

A

Afferent

54
Q

Is this the inner/outer core?

Grey/white matter?

  • Neuronal cell bodies
  • H shaped
  • Ventral, lateral and dorsal horns
A

•Inner core, grey matter

55
Q

What does the pyramid in the medulla oblongata contain?

A

Corticospinal tract – main voluntary motor pathway

56
Q

Is this the inner/outer core?

Grey/white matter?

  • Myelinated axons
  • Columns/tracts/funiculi
A

•Outer, white matter

57
Q

The spinal cord has expanded grey matter at the levels that supply __________

A

the limbs

58
Q

Label the diagram of the spinal cord

A
59
Q

What is the most primitive part of the brain?

A

Brainstem

60
Q

__________ is continuous with the brainstem

A

spinal cord

61
Q

What are the 6 functions of the brain stem?

A
  1. Contains cranial nerve nuclei
  2. Autonomic role
  3. Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
  4. Vomiting centre
  5. Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
  6. White matter tracts
62
Q

Damage to which part of the brain often devastating and life-threatening?

A

brain stem

63
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

64
Q

Complete the diagram

A
65
Q

Label the diagram of the brainstem

A
66
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

•Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the cardiovascular system

67
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A
68
Q

What forms the olive in the medulla oblongata and what does it contain?

A

Formed by olivary nuclei

Motor relay to cerebellum

69
Q

Complete the diagram

A
70
Q

What are the 2 roles of the pons?

A

•Relays information to the cerebellum

Contains reticular formation - nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control

71
Q

What does the middle cerebellar penduncle contain?

A

White matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum

72
Q

Where is the pons?

A
73
Q

Complete the diagram

A
74
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A
75
Q

The midbrain is continuous with the ___________

A

forebrain

76
Q

what is the role of the Superior colliculus in the midbrain?

A
  • Vision
  • Eye movements
77
Q

what is the role of the Inferior colliculus in the midbrain?

A
  • Auditory
78
Q

What does the cerebral penduncles within the midbrain contain?

A

Corticospinal tract – main voluntary motor pathway

79
Q

Complete the diagram

A
80
Q

•Substantia nigra lies within the _______

A

midbrain

81
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A
82
Q

What does the substantial nigra contain?

A

Dopaminergic neurons

Part of basal ganglia

83
Q

What is the role of the red nucleus?

A

Motor coordination – relay between cortex and cerebellum

84
Q

Label the diagram on the midbrain

A
85
Q

Complete the diagram

A
86
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cerebellum?

A

•Primarily involved with motor control:

  • Control of posture
  • Coordinating and planning limb movements
  • Control of eye movements
87
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

•Cerebellum is posterior to brainstem

88
Q

Where do outputs of the cerebellum go?

A

Motor outputs are to thalamus (to cortex) and brainstem

89
Q

What symptoms do cerebellar lesions cause?

A

Clinical: Cerebellar lesions cause gait disturbances, upper limb ataxia and eye movement disorders

90
Q

Complete the sentences on the structure of the cerebellum -

  • Outer grey/white matter
  • Underlying grey/white matter
  • How many cerebellar hemispheres?
  • How many lobes, divided into _______?
  • Contains _______
A

Outer gray matter

  • Underlying white matter
  • Two cerebellar hemispheres
  • Three lobes, divided into lobules
  • Contains nuclei
91
Q

The cerebellum is connected to brainstem by what?

A

•Connected to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles

92
Q

Label the cerebellum

A
93
Q

Which part of the brain has a highly folded internal structure?

A

Cerebellum

94
Q

Where do inputs for the cerebellum come from and what 2 systems are involved?

A

Receives inputs from periphery, spinal cord and brainstem, and cerebral cortex via two afferent systems:

Mossy fibres (from pons and spinal cord)

Climbing fibres (from medulla)

95
Q

Complete the diagram of the cerebellum

A
96
Q

What is the role of the diencephalon?

A

Relay and coordination centres

97
Q

•Diencephalon is continuous with the ___________

A

midbrain

98
Q

What comprises the diencephalon?

A

•Comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus

99
Q

Label the diencephalon

A
100
Q

What are the 2 functions of the thalamus?

A
  • Relays sensory information to the cortex
  • Involved with consciousness, sleep, memory and motor functions
101
Q

Which part of the brain is this -

  • Paired structure
  • Divided into nuclear groups
A

Thalamus

102
Q

Targeting nuclei may be effective treatment for what?

A

Clinical: Targeting nuclei may be effective treatment for epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, pain, psychiatric disorders

103
Q

Label the thalamus

A
104
Q

The hypothalamus is _____ to the thalamus

A

•Inferior to thalamus

105
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

•Main function: Homeostasis

  • Coordinates the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system
  • Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms
  • Receives inputs from limbic system
106
Q

Hypothalamic lesions are linked to _________ syndromes

A

Clinical: Hypothalamic lesions linked to endocrine syndromes

107
Q

What is the role of the pineal and pituitary glands?

A

Pineal gland - Produces melatonin

108
Q

Complete the diagram

A
109
Q

Hypothalamus sits between the _________ and ____________

A

•Hypothalamus sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

110
Q

Optic nerves converge/decussate to form _________

A

Optic nerves converge/decussate to form optic tracts

111
Q

Complete the diagram

A

202 Theme 1 - Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (13 decks)

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