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202 Theme 1 - Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > L1 Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

L1 Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of synapse forms the majority?

A

Chemical synapses

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2
Q

What are the 6 differences in electrical synpases?

A

oSimpler structure and function

oFaster

oPassive signal transmission

oBidirectional

oMinority, but particularly common in development

oAllow synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons

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3
Q

label the type of synapse

A
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4
Q

What type of neuron is shown?

A

(a) axodendritic
(b) axosomatic
(c) axoaxonic

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5
Q

Label the diagram of a chemical synapse

A
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6
Q

Label the neuromuscular junction

A
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7
Q

What happens to neurotransmitter molecules when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

A

On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.

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8
Q

What are the 2 possible responses that can be initiated when receptors recognise the neurotransmitters?

A

1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission - the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised.
2) Neuromodulation - alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond

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9
Q

What are the 4 criteria that define a neurotransmitter?

A

1) synthesized in the neuron
2) present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
3) when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
4) a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft

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10
Q

fill in the gaps on Synaptic vesicle release and recycling

Pool of vesicles above the active zone is anchored to the cytoskeleton by __________

  • Action potential to presynaptic terminal, _________ channels open, ________ flows into the cytoplasm
  • _______ activates _________ which phosphorylates _______.

___________ can no longer bind to the cytoskeleton, vesicles dock to the _________

A

Pool of vesicles above the active zone is anchored to the cytoskeleton by synapsin

Action potential to presynaptic terminal, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ flows into the cytoplasm

Ca2+ activates Calcium calmodulin activated kinase II (CaMKII) which phosphorylates synapsin.

P-synapsin can no longer bind to the cytoskeleton, vesicles dock to the active zone

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11
Q

Label the stages of Synaptic vesicle release and recycling

A
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12
Q

How does Synaptic vesicle release and recycling happen?

A

SNARE* complex at active zone docks vesicles to the plasma membrane

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13
Q

What is this?

A

SNARE protein

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14
Q

complete the diagram

A
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15
Q

During Synaptic vesicle release and recycling, vesicle membrane is rapidly recovered via __________, new vesicles bud off and are refilled with ____________

A

vesicle membrane is rapidly recovered via ENDOCYTOSIS, new vesicles bud off and are refilled with transmitter

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16
Q

What are the 2 deadliest toxins?

A

Botulinum toxin (BoTX)

Tetanus toxin (TeTX)

17
Q

What do clostridial toxins target?

A

Sites of proteolysis that blocks neurotransmitter release.

Cleavage of SNARE proteins by clostridial toxins

18
Q

Where does Botulinum toxin (BoTX) target?

A

neuromuscular transmission ACh - paralysis

19
Q

Where does Tetanus toxin (TeTX) target?

A

interneurons at spinal cord, GABA, Gly - muscle rigidity

20
Q

Both Botox and Tetanus prevent __________ release

A

Botox and Tetanus – prevent transmitter release

21
Q

Which bacteria do botox and tetanus come from?

A

(from bacteria Clostridium botulinum and tetani respectively)

22
Q

What does botox cause?

A

Botox acts directly at the neuromuscular junction. The muscles lose all input and so become permanently relaxed.

23
Q

What can botox be used to treat?

A

treatment of muscle spasms

24
Q

what does tetanus cause?

A

Tetanus toxin inhibits the release of Glycine and GABA at inhibitory neurons, resulting in dis-inhibition of cholinergic neurons, which causes permanent muscle contraction.

25
Q

List 5 different diseases that affect the presynaptic terminal

A
26
Q

What are vesicular transporters powered by?

A

Proton gradient

ATPase proton pump loads up vesicles with H+ making vesicles acidic (pH5.5) compared to neutral pH of cytoplasm (pH7.2)

e.g. 1 glutamate traded for 1 H+ (counter-transport mechanism)

27
Q

What are plasma membrane transporters powered by?

A

electrochemical gradient

[Na+] higher outside / [K+] higher inside

Glutamate co-transported with 2 Na+

28
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane transporters and what do they transport?

A

Vesicular transporters powered by proton gradient

Plasma membrane transporters powered by electrochemical gradient

(amino acids, amines and ACh)

29
Q

Label the diagram on the role of glia

A
30
Q

What are the 3 main functions of glia?

A

They express neurotransmitter receptors, which allows them to respond to synaptic activity by changing intracellular levels of Ca2+

They coordinate synapse formation and elimination with secreted and cell-surface associated signals

They control synapse formation, function, plasticity and elimination. They are crucial during development, for learning and memory, as well as in disease.

31
Q

What does this show?

A

The tri-partite synapse

Synapse + astrocyte process

32
Q

Name 6 diseases glia are involved in

A

Reactive gliosis following injury (relevant for CNS regeneration potential)

Role in aberrant synapse formation, linked with epilepsy and neuropathic pain

Brain cancer

HIV-induced dementia

Neuroinflammatory response of depression

Other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, glaucoma and prion disease, through aberrant synaptic stripping

202 Theme 1 - Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (13 decks)

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