L5 -economy as social and cultural process 2: ethnic economies and culture Flashcards

1
Q

What are cultures

A

Coe et al, 2007

  • Systems of shared meanings
  • Shared by members of the same community (e.g. race, religion)
  • Dynamic and change over time (process)
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2
Q

Layers of culture

A
  • What we can observe of other cultures as an outsider/tourist
  • Market based, all about individual without any society issues
  • Superficial layers
  • Values evolve over time but are fundamental = can change slowly
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3
Q

Ethnic economies - business clusters

A
  • Neighbourhood as a source for employees
    o Linked to migration
    o Often driven by food = maintain a sense of identity, wanted to have the same food (as example)
  • Classic agglomeration economies
  • Access to ‘ethnic’ resources
  • Development and maintenance of identity
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4
Q

Business clusters

A
  • Positive in the sense of providing entrepreneurial opportunities
  • Not exclusive to ethnic communities
  • Issues of discrimination, blocked mobility
  • People don’t necessarily want to work in ethnic business clusters but perhaps cannot get into other industries
  • Ethnicity is used as something that can be sold (commodified)
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5
Q

Advantages of ethnic clusters

A
  • market opportunities
  • ethnic resources
  • job ops for immigrants
  • low-cost labour
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6
Q

Disadvantages of ethnic clusters

A
  • discrimination and blocked mobility
  • dependence on networks
  • commodification of ethnicity
  • segregation of ethnic groups
  • poor pay
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7
Q

Ethnic economies workforce

A
  • can be caused by education levels within certain groups/areas
  • Difference in education perhaps due to socioeconomic status, perhaps parenting/upbringing
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8
Q

Consumption, place and identity

A
  • Culture often expressed through consumption
  • Consumers actively construct identity through informed decisions about commodity purchases, especially symbolic goods
  • Relationships between consumption and identity are heavily shaped by place
  • Standardised global/corporate consumption spaces used in different ways by consumers
  • The body and home as particularly important scales of self-expression
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9
Q

Consumption, place and identity examples

A
  • Mcdonalds in Asia = new menu items
  • Coca Cola in Trinidad = used to mix with rum, seen as sophisticated
  • IKEA in Asia = key area for self-expression and identity, had to convince Chinese consumers DIY is good
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10
Q

Development in Ecuador

A
  • long tradition of textile production, strong growth in tourism and trade
  • strong emphasis on ‘ethnic’ design
  • long history of production (tried to imitate English tweed)
  • family-based production and distribution networks
  • minimises involvement of middle man
  • base for 50,000 Otavalenos
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11
Q

Global pipelines but no local buzz

A

Iturralde, 2001

  • lack of community and neighbours = sell abroad
  • competition between families, lack of cooperation
  • no FDI to create local buzz
  • informal sector always vulnerable to change and policy intervention
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12
Q

Rethinking innovation

A

Blake and Hanson, 2005

  • tech innovation has reduced quality
  • modernisation leads to loss of originality and authenticity
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13
Q

Challenges for ethnic economy in Otavalo

A
  • harder to move around the world (terror suspicions)
  • competition fro Peruvian traders
  • saturated markets
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