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LAM II - Test 1 > L5 - Diseases of the GI Tract > Flashcards

L5 - Diseases of the GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

____ is an increase in frequency of defecation or fecal volume

A

Diarrhea

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2
Q

Fecal volume is increased by increasing _____.

A

Fecal water content

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3
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The water in the GI tract is from ingestion and must all be absorbed.

A

FALSE
Water is ingested and the gut secretes more water. The majority must be absorbed, but some remains to be excreted with feces.

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4
Q

What are the two types of diarrhea?

A

Malabsorptive

Secretory

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of malabsorptive diarrhea?

A

Damage to villous epithelium & loss of enterocytes → shortening of villi because loss > replacement

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6
Q

What are the effects of malabsorptive diarrhea?

A
  1. ↓ SA inhibits absorptive ability
  2. Loss of mature enterocytes that possess enzymes necessary for membranous-phase digestion & transport proteins for sodium co-transport. → inhibition of digestion & absorption of nutrients (necessry for osmotic absorption of water)
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7
Q

What are the most common causes of malabsorptive diarrhea?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Protozoa
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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of secretory diarrhea?

A
  • Secretion of water > absorption
  • Abnormal stimulation of small intestinal crypts leads to hyper secretion of water
  • Stimulation ↑ adenyl cyclase activity and production of cAMP within cells → opening of chloride gates and secreting water, electrolytes & bicarb
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9
Q

____ diarrhea is more common in neonates.

A

Secretory

*exception: occasionally see ETEC in adults

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10
Q

What are the most common pathogens associated with secretory diarrhea?

A
  • Enterotoxins

i. e. those produced by gram (-) bacteria (ETEC) and sometimes rotavirus

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11
Q

What are the common serotypes of Salmonella enteric that infect cattle?

A

Tymphimurium
dublin
newport

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12
Q

What are the systemic signs of endotoxemia caused by salmonella?

A
  • Fever
  • Tachypnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Scleral injection
  • Weakness
  • Rumen stasis
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13
Q

What kind of diarrhea is produced by salmonella?

A
  • Maldigestion - loss of mucosal epithelial cells

- +/- secretory → enterotoxin produced

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14
Q

What are treatment and prevention methods for salmonella?

A
  • Fluid therapy
  • NSAIDs (flunixin meglimine IV)
  • Antibiotics (C/S)
  • Prevention: management
  • Colostrum
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15
Q

Johne’s disease is caused by _____.

Bonus: what is the morphology of this organism?

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)

Morphology: small rod shaped bacterium

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16
Q

The primary route of infection of Johne’s disease is _____.

A

Ingestion (manure, contaminated milk, water, feed)

other: intrauterine

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17
Q

What CS are seen during the advanced stages of john’s disease?

A
  • Severe emaciation
  • Diarrhea
  • Bottle jaw
  • wasting
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18
Q

What is the cause of the development of bottle jaw in Johne’s disease?

A

-Chronic protein losing enteropathy

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19
Q

What tests can be performed to diagnose Johne’s disease?

A
  • Culture (isolate from manure, tissue, environmental samples)
  • PCR, ELISA, AGID (milk or blood)
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20
Q

What are some prevention methods for Johne’s disease?

A
  • ID shedding animals and eliminate from the herd
  • Test entire herd with ELISA
  • Test positive with PCR
  • Cull based on positive test
  • Retest in 6-12 months
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21
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The main CS of Bovine Viral Diarrhea is secretory diarrhea.

A

FALSE

It mainly cause reproductive and respiratory signs.

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22
Q

Winter dystentery is caused by ____.

A

Bovine coronavirus

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of bovine coronavirus?

A
  • Enveloped virus that is sensitive to heat and common disinfectants
  • Can survive in cold temperatures
  • Stable at pH 3-8 s can survive in the gut
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24
Q

The most common route of transmission for winter dysentery is _____.

A

Fecal-oral route

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25
Q

_____ are thought to be a reservoir for winter dysentery.

A

Wild ruminants

26
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

During an outbreak, morbidity is low but mortality is high.

A

FALSE

Morbidity is high and mortality is low

27
Q

What age of cows is at higher risk for winter dysentery?

A

2-6 y/o

28
Q

What factors may increase transmission of winter dysentery?

A
  • Close confinement of cattle

- Poor manure handling

29
Q

What CS characterize winter dysentery?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Fever
  • Liquid/bloody diarrhea
  • frequently associated with respiratory signs
  • Drop in milk production
30
Q

TRUE/FALSE
Incubation time of winter dysentery is 3-8 days & diarrhea exists for 1-6 days. Fecal and nasal shedding occurs for 1-4 days.

A

TRUE

31
Q

How can winter dysentery be diagnosed?

A
  • Detect with electron microscopy, ELISA, RT-PCR on intestinal tissues, feces, fectal or nasal swab fluids
  • Samples must be collected within 1-3 days of onset of diarrhea. Stored in PBS or scell culture medium & stored frozen for shipment
32
Q

What are the treatment options for winter dysentery?

A
  • Symptomatically or oral fluids to alleviate dehydration

- Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

33
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Winter dysentery can be prevented with a vaccine since it is caused by a virus.

A

FALSE

34
Q

State the clostridial agent for each disease:

  1. Myonecrosis
  2. Black Disease
  3. Bacillary Hemoglobinuria
  4. Braxy
  5. Clostridial Enterotoxemia
  6. Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome
A
  1. Clostridium novyi Type A
  2. Clostridium novyi Type B
  3. Clostridium novyi type D, Clostridium hemolyticum
  4. Clostridium septicum
  5. Clostridium prefringens
  6. Clostridium prefringens Type A
35
Q

What is the myonecrosis caused by clostridium novyi Type A?

A
  • Massively edematous wound infection
  • Affects bighead in young rams
  • Pathogenesis mediated by alpha toxin
36
Q

Black disease affects which organ?

A

-Liver → causes infectious necrotic hepatitis.

37
Q

What is the most common sequelae to black diseases?

A

Parachute death

-venous congestion darkens the underside of the skin

38
Q

How does the course of black disease differ in cattle vs. sheep?

A

1-2 hrs in sheep

1-2 DAYS in cattle

39
Q

What diseases may follow fiscal infection?

A
  • Black disease

- Bacillary hemoglobinuria

40
Q

What gross lesions will be seen with bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A
  • SubQ edema
  • Petechial ecchymotic hemorrhage
  • Hepatic infarcts → pathognomonic
41
Q

TRUE/FALSE
Herd outbreaks of Bacillary hemoglobinuria occur in poorly drained pastures because spores accumulate in the environment.

A

TRUE

42
Q

What kind of cows are most commonly affected by clostridium novyi D?

A

Most common in well nourished >1yr old calves

43
Q

Malignant edema following wound infection, hemorrhage, edema and necrosis that spreads along the fascial planes from the point of infection is known as _____.

A

Braxy

44
Q

How does a wound progress when infected with clostridium septicum?

A

aka braxy
Lesion starts warm and painful then becomes crepitant and cold
-Fever, anorexia an depression lead to death within 24 hrs

45
Q

TRUE/FALSE

All clostridium prefringens types can be found within the intestines of normal animals.

A

TRUE

-Disease occurs when conditions favor multiplication of C. perfringins and accumulation of toxins

46
Q

What types of clostridium prefringens are most common in N. America?

A

A, C, D

47
Q

How can clostridial infections be prevented?

A

Vaccination against toxin

48
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome.

A
  • Sporadic, frequently fatal enteric disease
  • Massive hemorrhage into the small intestine with subsequent intraluminal formation of large clots and casts of blood
  • creates obstruction
49
Q

What are the clinical signs of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Peracute onset of progressive weakness and abdominal distention

  • Papple
  • Transient pings throughout
  • Fluid splashing sounds
50
Q

Describe what the findings would be for a cow with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome on the following tests:

  1. Rectal exam
  2. Transabdominal US
A
  1. Ruminal gas accumulation. Otherwise NL

2. Dilated loops of small intestine & clotted blood

51
Q

What is the progression of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Found dead or in septic shock within 24-48 hrs

52
Q

What is the toxin and GI signs associated with Blister buttercup?

A
  • Toxin: Ranunculin (glycoside converted to protoanemonin)
  • Irritates mouth and causes gastroenteritis
  • Excessive salivation
  • Redenned oral mucosa
  • Diarrhea, often bloody
53
Q

What is the toxin and GI signs associated with Pokeweed?

A

Toxins include saponins, oxalates, and alkaloid phytolacine

Causes severe bloody diarrhea, colic, excessive salivation and death

54
Q

What is the toxin and GI signs associated with Coffee weed?

A

Sesbania?
The toxin causes severe gastrointestinal irritation and liver
degeneration
-Severe hemorrhagic diarrhea and death
-Necropsy findings include severe hemorrhagic abomasitis, enteritis,
liver & kidney degeneration & necrosis
Treat with laxatives to clear GI tract & activated charcoal to bind toxins

55
Q

____ are glycoproteins that inhibit protein synthesis.. They are one of the most toxic of known plant compounds. They are concentrated in the seeds and released following chewing.

A

Lectins

56
Q

What plants contain lectins?

A
  • Castor bean - ricin
  • Rosary pea - abrin
  • Black locus - robinin
57
Q

What signs do lectins cause?

A
  • Severe intestinal irritation and profound purgation
  • Severe hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • Abrupt stop to action
  • Affected animals die of hypovolemic chock
58
Q

What are medical treatment options for the ingestion of lectin containing plants?

A
  • Activated charcoal

- Magnesium hydroxide

59
Q

The principle toxin in Box, Box shrub is _____.

What are the signs?

A

Toxic alkaloids

Signs: Severe gastroenteritis, colic, hemorrhagic diarrhea

60
Q

What are some common causes of rectal prolapse?

A
  • Tenesmus (coccidiosis, colitis, etc)
  • Dysuria (cystitis, urolithiasis, dystocia, neoplasia)
  • Neuropathy (‘riding’ during estrus, spinal lymphoma, spinal abscess)
  • Chronic coughing (BRD)
  • Genetics
61
Q

How is rectal prolapse treated?

A
  • Purse string suture pattern using umbilical tape
  • 5-10 days
  • Surgical amputation
  • Rectal ring
62
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Rectal prolapse is usually a primary problem that can be permanently resolved.

A

FALSE
Must treat underlying issue
Recurrence is common

LAM II - Test 1 (6 decks)

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