L5 Configural Learning Flashcards
A flaw in the Rescorla Wagner model is that it assumes that stimulus comprising of two ore more components, known as a ___________ stimulus, is equivalent to _____________________________, and that responding to the _____________ stimulus is a _____ of responding to its individual ________________.
Compound stimulus (stimulus of two or more components), is equivalent to sum of its parts - wrong, and responding is a sum of responding to its individual compnents.
How did George et al challenge the idea that responding to compound stimuli is equal to responding to each of its parts?
(hint pigeons)
Had two different sets of stimuli, 3 of which predicted food, and 3 of which did not. The only difference between the two sets was that the colours were switched i.e
R-G , G-R, B-G, G-B, R-B, B-R.
Despite summation saying there should be no difference in associative strength on reinforced vs non-redinforced, responding was fewer on non-reinforced, Pigeons learned to distiniguish two different compound stimuli despite being comprised of the same parts, but in diffrent order.
How did Rescorla show that the summation principle could be violated using negative pattern discrimination?
A = food, B= food, and AB = no food. Animals were still able to learn this despite the fact that a combination of AB should have double the associative steength.
Instead of summation theory, Rescorla and agner (seperately) proposed that a compound stimulus is not simply _______________________________, but includes a ____________ stimulus, that is only generated when the ____________ is presented. This is known as a _____________ cue
compound stimulus not simply the sum of its parts, but instead an extra stimulus, generated only when the compound is presented
Known as a configural cue.
What did Rescorla find when testing his theory on configural cues of compound stimuli?
Group C who had an overexpectation of AB, as they had learned that A and B seperately means food each, so AB compound means double food. Resulted in reduced responding to A and B individually when tested.
Group AB learnt the same but that AB compound predicts no food, so when given food after AB compound, associative strength of A and B increase.
What is generalization decrement ?
Adding a stimulus (B) with 0 associative strength to a CS (A), reduces responding - responding does not generalize fully to the similar stimulus but decreases slightly. Essentially reduced responding despite the fact that the additional stimulus feature is not inhibitory, but neutral.
If you have compound stimulus AB+, how would RWM explain responding to stimulus AC?
Summation - There will be some responding to AC, because there is some associative strength of A, despite no associative strength of C, so some responding.
If you have compound stimulus AB+, how would Pearce’s model of generalization explain responding to stimulus AC?
Because we have learnt to respond to AB, and A is a common element, there is some generalization of associative strength from AB+ to AC.
What two things does Pearce’s model of generalization argue that generalization of AB+ to AC depends on?
1 The amount of associative strength possessed by AB+
2 The similarity of AC to AB+
Generalization = __________ x _________________
V or 1 or associative strength of generalization source x similarity
What is the equation for similarity in Pearce’s model of generalization?
Similarity = Proportion of A / AB x Proportion of A / AC
Using Pearce’s model, what would the generalization be, of a stimulus A with full associative strength (1) to another stimulus B, where the common element takes up 50% of stimulus A, and 25% of stimulus B?
A 50%
B 25%
C 12.5%
D 5%
C 12.5%
True or false, Pearce’s model is no better at explaining stimulus generalization decrements than what Rescorla and Wagner have proposed with the unique configural cue?
False
Vogel argues that instead of ____________ or ___________ cues, combining stimuli means ____________ elements of each stimulus, in order to create a compound stimulus. This is because the compound stimulus still has ___________ buffer.
Instead of summation or configural cues, combining stimuli means removing elements of each stimuli, in order to fit in to the limited buffer of a compound stimulus
Occasion setting is the idea that the ____________ appears to control the ____-_____ association, and depending on the context, the ___ may predict different things. Despite this, the context itself is not ______________.
Context controls CS-US association, and depending on context, CS predicts different things
Despite this the context itself is not associative
How did Godden and Baddely famously show contextual dependence of retrieval?
Diver study
In the study by Ross and Holland (1981), the light elicited a ___________ response and the tone elicited a ___________ response. This allowed the researchers to see which parts of a _____________ stimulus of _______+_______ had the __________ strength, by measuring which response occurred
Light elicited rearing, tone elicited headjerk.
Allowed researchers to see which part of the compound stimulus had the associative strength by measuring each response
How did Ross and Holland (1981) show occasion setting using light and tone, in rats?
When tone alone was presented, rats would not headjerk at all, as predicts no food.
However, when light was presented, followed by a tone, rats would respond with a headjerk, even before any food. This showed that the light somewhat set the occasion for responding, without eliciting responding itself.
What does summation argue is the explanation behind occasion setting?
It is possible that the light still has associative strength, so boosts responding more when is present, compared to when not present.
How did Holland 1989 show that occasion setting is not in fact a summation effect?
Tested light as an occasion setter with a tone. 2 groups, one where light alone was trained to have no associative strength with food, and one that did not teach this. Then carried out occasion setting procedure where light then tone predicted food, and tone alone predicted no food. Then tested responding to both groups. If light did have a summation effect then group where light was extinguished should have reduced responding compared to non extinguished group. This did not occur, and both groups were the same.
In the experiment by Holland (1989) light still __________ responding despite the fact that it has no __________ strength. Associative theory fails to explain this.
essentially light still conditioned responding despite the fact that it had no associative strength
How does Holland’s On gate theory differentiate an occasion setter to a summative CS?
Occasion setter facilitates the operation of associative link of the CS to US, but does not elicit the responding. Shown when if you add a second the CS, the occasion setter will not boost or facilitate responding.
Summative CS elicits responding itself. If you add a second CS it will boost responding.
How did Bonardi (1996) test two different occasion setters, with 2 different CS’s, again showing that occasion setters are different from summative CS?
Had one occasion setter click with red light to predict food, where reed light alone predicts no food, and another occasion setter flash with green light to predict food, and green light alone predicts no food.
Ig click and flash were CS they would affect responding when paired with the other colour i.e green and click, red and flash. However this did not occur, and the occasion setters only inc responding when with the paired CS.
Bouton and Nelson argued that despite inhibitory learning of a CS, leading to _____________, the initial __________ association may return given a change in ___________, such as the passage of ___________. This is an example of ____________ recovery.
Despite inhibitory learning of CS, leading to extinction, initial excitatory association of CS and US may return, given a change in context, such as the passage of time. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.
It has been shown that people with Schizophrenia struggle with the ___________ __________ task, where you havto define a word basewd on the given __________. This may be due to impairments in learning about _________ setting.
Struggle with lexical ambiguity task, where you have to define a word, with dual meanings, based on the context. This may be a deficit in occasion setters learning.
Other than lexical ambiguity task, what is another task that Schizophrenics struggle with, and explain?
Stroop task - where word has two different properties, one as the meaning, and the other as the colour font. Task involves suppressing reading of the word and naming the stimulus colour. Perhaps SZ pateients streggle with the occasion setter of having to name the colour.
Explain the biconditional occasion setter lever task by Dunn et al (2005)?
when the tone happens, the left lever press for food, and right lever press for nothing
When click happens the left lever press for nothing, and right lever for food,
What were the findings of the Dunn et al occasion setter biconditional lever press task, using amphetamines as a model for schizophrenia?
A Performance was reduced when rats were given amphetamine at the 1mg/kg amount, but not 0.5mg/kg
B Performance was reduced by the antipsychotic drug, alpha-flupenthixol, when administered alone
C Flupenthixol reversed the affects of amphetamine on performance
D both A and C
D bpth A anc C
Flupenthixol did not affect performance on its own.
Amphetramine dose of 1mg/kg and above lead to performance deficits, but deficits were reversed when given Alpha-flupenthixol antispsychotic.
In a study by Ramos et al (2022), it was found that ethanol induced what effect in the rats?
A Hyperthermia(extrem hotness)
B Shivering, but not hypothermia
C Hypothermia (extreme coldness)
D Sweating, but not hypothermia
C ethanol induced hypothermia.
Ramos et al (2022) found that after many trials, rats developed a __________ for the _________ induced by ethanol. They could then pair a _________ to induce this tolerance effect
Rats developed tolerance for the hypothermia produced by ethanol, and this tolerance effect could be paired with a stimulus.
True or false, classical CS can be extinguished but occasion setters cannot.
True
What were the main findings of Ramos et al on whether or not tolerance could be extinguished in the SIMULTANEOUS group?
When the CS light was paired with the injection simultaneously, light became a classically conditioned CS for hypothermia. As tolerance developed, light would predict injection, so raise body temperature. After many trials of light and no injection, light as a predictor for tolerance was extinguished, and at test it did not raise body temperature. This shows that simultaneous CS+US pairings classically condiiton.
What were the main findings of Ramos et al on whether or not tolerance could be extinguished in the SERIAL group?
When the CS light came before the injection (not paired), light became an occasion setter for hypothermia induced by the ethanol injection. After some time, tolerance developed, where the light would set occasion for tolerance, and raise body temp. However, after many trials, light did not extinguished when not followed by injection. This shows that serial CS +US Pairings form occasion setters.
Bouton (2004) argues that extinction is dependent on the _________ whereas excitatory learning is not. Extinction does not _________ initial excitatory learning, but is simply additional ___________ learning. This has implications for fear/anxiety ____________ therapy, as fear/anxiety may return outside of the ____________ context.
Extinction dependent on context.
New inhibitory learning rather than erasing of initial learning.
Has implications for fear and anxiety treatments such as exposure therapy, as fear/anxiety may return outside of extinction context.
