L2 Cancer and conditioning Flashcards
What are the 2 main psyhcological side effects of cancer/cancer treatment?
Reduced appetite or refusal of food
Anticipatory nausea and vomiting prior to treatment
Taste aversion is when an animal becomes ____ after eating a specific food. It can be achieved by pairing food with ________ ___________ for example. After this pairing the animal ______ the food.
Taste aversion - animal made ill after eating food, for example pairing food with LiCl .
Animal then avoids food
What is true about taste aversions in animals.
A It takes many trials to form
B Conditioning/learning is effective despite large intervals between eating food and experience of illness
C It can be formed in only 1 trial
D Both B and C
D Both B and C
Bernstein argued that loss of appetite in cancer patients could be due to what reason?
Taste aversion developed due to pairing of illness (caused by tumor or treatment) with foods eating during treatment period. This then becomes quite generalised.
Midkiff and Bernstein (1985) carried out a questionnaire determinimg when taste aversions are likely to occur in cancer patients. When are foods les likely to lead to taste aversions (1 mark), and when are foods more likely to lead to taste aversions (3 marks)?
Taste aversions are less likely to develop for plain foods like carbohydrates.
They are more likely to develop for protein rich foods, high in flavour - meat, cheese, eggs.
More likely to develop for novel foods
More likely to develop for foods eaten shortly before CT session
Bernstein and Borson found that rats are more likely to develop taste aversions to novel foods during period of _______ and in radiotherapy induced ________.
More likely when having a tumour
and during radiotherapy induced nausea
Bovbjerg et al (1992) carried out an experiment, giving one group of breast cancer patients a lemon lime drink prior to infusion (Chemotherapy), and one group of women no drink, over the course of 4 sessions. After this, he then tested nausea after the drink, as well as overall ratings of the drink, what did he find?
A Women who had not been given the lemon lime drink before each CT infusion tended to rate the drink worse than women who were given the drink
B Women who had been given the drink before each CT infsuion, reported much more nasuea post drink compared to pre drink, compared to the women who werent paired with the drink
C Women who were given the drink before each CT session rated the drink worse than women who had not been given the drink before each CT session
D Both B and C
D Both B and C
Bovbjerg et al (1992) studied showed learnt _______ ________ due to pairings of a drink with _______________ induced _________. The drink itself ended up leading to ________ feeling, and was therefore ________ worse.
Example of learnt taste aversions due to drink pairings with Chemo induced nausea,. Drink on its own lead to nauseous feeling and was rated as worse/aversive.
Andersen et al identified a potential treatment for loss of appetite / taste aversions to certain foods, known as the scapegoat effect. Explain it.
What were his findings.
In order to avoid aversions to familiar, everyday foods, have patient eat a completely novel food after the famiiliar food, and prior to the CT. The novel food will then overshadow the familiar food in paring with any nausea or vomiting related to the CT. Therefore taste aversion should not develop for familiar foods.
Overshadowing group (familiar + novel) less likely to rate a familiar food as aversive compared to group who only had familiar
Anticipatory Nausea or Vomiting (ANV) can be defined as ____________________________________________, particularly in or when thinking about the ___________ of infusion. It occurs in approximately __-___% of chemo patients and cannot be prevented by _____–______ drugs.
Feeling of nasuea or vomiting shotrly prior to infusion
Particularly when in the infusion setting
occurs approximately in 20-40% of chemo patients and cannot be prevented by anti emetic drugs
Hall and Symonds (2006) found in rats reduced _________ of ___________ in the context paired with __________, compared to the context paired with nothing.
Reduced consumption of sucrose in context paired with illness compared to context paired with nothing
ANV could be a symptom of __________ regarding the treatment. An issue with this is that _______ is not found in other treatments which patients are anxious about, such as _______ _______ aspiration.
Could simply be anxiety
However nausea/vomiting not found in bone marrow aspiration treatment, which also produces anxiety
Retrospective studies show that ANV is associated with/related to what 3 things?
1 Increased number of infusions
2 The severity of the post Nausea and vomiting (PNV)
3 Younger patients
If ANV is classically conditioned (CS-US pairing), then we can predict increased incidence of ANV with what 3 things?
1 Increased Post Nausea and vomiting (greater US strength)
2 Longer infusion sessions (longer CS-US pairings)
3 Higher pre-infusion anxiety (more conditionability)
In the study by Andrykowski et al (1985), he studied just less than 71 patients, over _ infusion sessions. infusion sessions. He collected data such as ______-______ anxiety, ___________ dimensions, recent ________ , severity of ______, general _________ symptoms.
Recorded this data over 2 infusion sessions
State trait anxiety
Eysenicks personality dimensions
recent anxiety
PNV severity
general bodily symptoms
Andrykowski et al found that ___ out of 71 showed ANV. All who showed ANV also showed ____.
26/71 reported/showed ANV
all who showed ANV also showed PNV
In the study by Andrykowski et al, what were the 4 main predictors of ANV.
1 Severity of PNV after infusion 1
2 Mean durations of infusion 1 and 2
3 State anxiety pre-infusion 1 and 2
4 Trait anxiety, extraversion and age
The two strongest predictors being length of _________, and severity of _____, suggests a ___________ account of ANV.
Length of infusion and severity of PNV both suggest conditioning account of ANV
To further test of ANV was a conditioning effect, Kvale and Hugdahl (1994) compared ANV with autonomic conditionability. How did they test this?
Essentially compared reaction time in patients who showed ANV vs patients who showed no ANV, as a measure of conditionability.
Found that ANV people had greater level of conditionability.
If ANV an effect of conditioning, we should look to do what?
A Strengthen the association of Nausea with infusion by increasing infusion times
B Disrupt the association of nausea with vomiting by overshadowing this association
C Disrupting the association of nausea with vomiting by using latent inhibition
D both B and C
D both B and C
What does the BARF questionnaire stand for?
Baxter animated retching faces scale
What did Klosterhalfen (2005) attempt to do to reduce the effects of ANV?
(hint spinny chair)
Attempt to induce motion sickness in people by using a special chair, in order to perhaps increase their threshold to motion sickness, so that they would be better able to manage nausea and vomiting when it does come around, as they would not be strong.
Other than inducing motion sickness, what other 2 classical conditioning methods did Hall et al (2006) show in rat studies, could potentially reduce the effect of context in producing ANV?
Latent inhibition - pre-expose rats to context so that they learn that context is safe and does not predict the US. Leads to reduced pairing of context with aversive US LiCL, and reduced aversion to context.
Overshadowing - give rats large sour taste whilst in context, when given LiCl, so that the taste overshadows learning about the context and therefore context does not predict nausea.
In the rotation experiment by Hall et al (2016), what did they find was effective in reducing nausea symptoms?
A overshadowing alone
B Latent inhibition alone
C Latent inhibition and Overshadowing combined
D NO method was effective
A Overshadowing alone
Some other more contemporary methods have been suggested to reduce ANV effects of infusion, aimed towards _____________ the patient during infusion. Methods include ___________, playing ______________ and systematic ______________.
aim towards relaxing patient during the infusion - relaxation techniques and systematic desensitisation, playing video games, and even hypnosis.
