L4 Stimulus Pre-exposure Flashcards
Habituation is the _______________ of an ____________ response to a ____________ ______________ stimulus.
diminution of an innate response to a frequently presented stimulus.
Latent inhibition is when a ___________ or pre-______________ stimulus, is _________ to learn about.
Latent inhibition is when a familiar or pre-exposed stimulus is harder to learn about.
Within compound associations means presenting a _________ allows its _________ to become associated.
Presenting a stimulus - elements within stimulus become associated.
Perceptual learning is when several _________ processes combine in order to improve __________ _____________, recognition and overall ________ for the stimulus,
Several learning processes combine in helping recognition, stimulus discrimination and overall stimulus memory.
Spencer and Thompson (1966) noted what 4 things about habituation?
Response can recover given time
stronger stimuli habituate more quickly
A different arousing stimulus can produce dishabituation
exposure can increase response sensitization
How does the SOP model explain short term habituation?
Self generated priming - Several presentations of CS means that if tested soon enough, CS elements will still be in A2, so A1 response will be weaker - habituation by self generated priming, as weakened response when CS presented.
How does SOP explain long term habituation, where habituation persists given time?
Retrieval generated priming - Multiple CS presentations means CS pairs with context, therefore even though CS elements have decayed into Inactive given time, context will put CS elements in A2, so weaker A1 response when CS presented.
Davis et al (1970) found what in their study into habituation?
A Short term habituation was better with massed trials
B Long term habituation was better with spaced trials
C Both short term and long term habituation were better given massed trials
D Both A and B
D Short term habituation better with massed trials
Long term better with spaced trials
Short term habituation with massed trials can be explained by what?
Log term habituation with spaced trials can be explained by what?
ST habituation explained by Basic S-R and RWM learning, where over many trials learning rate decreases, so dcereased response
Long term habituation -Explained by SOP. CS paired with context, so context puts CS element into A2, reduced A1 response
If long term habituation is explained by context CS pairings, what would Wagner’s (SOP) model predict?
Reduced habituation/ stronger response when put in novel context, as novel context would not put CS elements in A2, so free to go into A1.
Contrary to Wagner’s theory, Honey and Hall found _____________________________.
No context specific habituation.
Habituation did not disappear given a new context.
Instead of context priming a CS elements into A2, what is another potential explanation for long term habituation, according to SOP?
Unitisation process - Within CS elements prime eachother into A2. Due to prolonged exposure given frequent presentation of CS, elements are paired with eachother, so whenever CS presented some elements prime others into A2, leading to habituated response.
Memory has often been classified into two forms which are __________________ such as _____________ events and _______, and _________________ such as _____________, ________ and _________. However some disagree with this classification, and may argue that memories like facts and episodic events require ____________ learning after all.
Memory can be classified into declarative, such as facts and episodic, and on declarative, such as skills, habits, associative learning. However some disagree with this classification and argue that facts and episodic events rely on associative learning.
What can be used as a measure for familiarity (recognition) vs novelty (new, non recognition) in animals?
Spontaneous object recognition task, where rats will spend less time with familiar object as they have explored it, and more time with novel object, as they have not explored it.
Spontaneous object recognition tasks in animals are also a measure of _____________
habituation
What are the 3 main accounts/explanations for habituation?
1 In ST habituation, where CS recently presented, elements are in A2, so weaker A1 response.
2 In long term habituation, possible that frequent CS presentations pairs it with context, so context will prime CS elements in A2, so weaker response.
3 Elements of a stimulus may associate with eachother, and prime eachother into A2.
Episodic memory is also known as _________, ________, ________ memory. Who argued that animals could not possess episodic memory?
What, when, where memory.
Tulving
In what task do animals show that ‘what’ aspect of memory?
Spontaneous object recognition tests - more familiar object searched/explored less
In what task do animals show the ‘when’ aspect of memory?
Relative recency task - more recent object is more familiar, so older object explored more.
In what task do animals show the ‘where’ aspect of memory
Object in place task - present 4 objects, then swap the positions of two. Objects that were swapped were searched more than ones that stayed in same place, suggesting animals have memory for where an object was.
In episodic tasks (good et al, 2007) which combine what, when, where, what object should be explored the most, showing episodic memory in animals?
The object that is in the wrong place, and that was presented the least recent.
How did Clayton and Dickinson show episodic memory in Jay birds, (degrade vs replenish) and what was the degrade group do?
Had Jay birds bury worms and peanuts in different parts of food cache setup, as burying food to dig up for later a more natural activity. Birds naturally prefer worms over peanuts. Then altered time between burying and retrieval, as given the right time, worms would rot.
In group degrade experimenters let the worms rot, given time, for birds to learn that worms would rot. If enough time had elapsed, birds would use episodic memory (what, when, and where) to go for peanuts instead of rotten worms. If only a short term had elapsed birds would dig up worms.
In Clayton and Dickinson’s study what did the replenish group do?
In replenish group, Jay birds were deliberately taught that worms would not rot, as experimenters replaced rotten worms with fresh worms right before retrieval. Therefore birds would never learn that worms rot, despite large amounts of time. Then test with by letting worms rot, birds would still go form worms, as they did not make learn that worms rot over time. Suggesting episodic memory.
Latent inhibition is thought to be disrupted in ___________ patients and people with high _____________, and is thought to contribute to __________ symptoms, such as attributing significance to something unimportant.
LI disrupted in schizophrenics as well as high schizotypy, and thought to contribute to cognitive symptoms - ie may lead people to attribute significance to something unimportant.
