L4 Stimulus Pre-exposure Flashcards
Habituation is the _______________ of an ____________ response to a ____________ ______________ stimulus.
diminution of an innate response to a frequently presented stimulus.
Latent inhibition is when a ___________ or pre-______________ stimulus, is _________ to learn about.
Latent inhibition is when a familiar or pre-exposed stimulus is harder to learn about.
Within compound associations means presenting a _________ allows its _________ to become associated.
Presenting a stimulus - elements within stimulus become associated.
Perceptual learning is when several _________ processes combine in order to improve __________ _____________, recognition and overall ________ for the stimulus,
Several learning processes combine in helping recognition, stimulus discrimination and overall stimulus memory.
Spencer and Thompson (1966) noted what 4 things about habituation?
Response can recover given time
stronger stimuli habituate more quickly
A different arousing stimulus can produce dishabituation
exposure can increase response sensitization
How does the SOP model explain short term habituation?
Self generated priming - Several presentations of CS means that if tested soon enough, CS elements will still be in A2, so A1 response will be weaker - habituation by self generated priming, as weakened response when CS presented.
How does SOP explain long term habituation, where habituation persists given time?
Retrieval generated priming - Multiple CS presentations means CS pairs with context, therefore even though CS elements have decayed into Inactive given time, context will put CS elements in A2, so weaker A1 response when CS presented.
Davis et al (1970) found what in their study into habituation?
A Short term habituation was better with massed trials
B Long term habituation was better with spaced trials
C Both short term and long term habituation were better given massed trials
D Both A and B
D Short term habituation better with massed trials
Long term better with spaced trials
Short term habituation with massed trials can be explained by what?
Log term habituation with spaced trials can be explained by what?
ST habituation explained by Basic S-R and RWM learning, where over many trials learning rate decreases, so dcereased response
Long term habituation -Explained by SOP. CS paired with context, so context puts CS element into A2, reduced A1 response
If long term habituation is explained by context CS pairings, what would Wagner’s (SOP) model predict?
Reduced habituation/ stronger response when put in novel context, as novel context would not put CS elements in A2, so free to go into A1.
Contrary to Wagner’s theory, Honey and Hall found _____________________________.
No context specific habituation.
Habituation did not disappear given a new context.
Instead of context priming a CS elements into A2, what is another potential explanation for long term habituation, according to SOP?
Unitisation process - Within CS elements prime eachother into A2. Due to prolonged exposure given frequent presentation of CS, elements are paired with eachother, so whenever CS presented some elements prime others into A2, leading to habituated response.
Memory has often been classified into two forms which are __________________ such as _____________ events and _______, and _________________ such as _____________, ________ and _________. However some disagree with this classification, and may argue that memories like facts and episodic events require ____________ learning after all.
Memory can be classified into declarative, such as facts and episodic, and on declarative, such as skills, habits, associative learning. However some disagree with this classification and argue that facts and episodic events rely on associative learning.
What can be used as a measure for familiarity (recognition) vs novelty (new, non recognition) in animals?
Spontaneous object recognition task, where rats will spend less time with familiar object as they have explored it, and more time with novel object, as they have not explored it.
Spontaneous object recognition tasks in animals are also a measure of _____________
habituation
What are the 3 main accounts/explanations for habituation?
1 In ST habituation, where CS recently presented, elements are in A2, so weaker A1 response.
2 In long term habituation, possible that frequent CS presentations pairs it with context, so context will prime CS elements in A2, so weaker response.
3 Elements of a stimulus may associate with eachother, and prime eachother into A2.
Episodic memory is also known as _________, ________, ________ memory. Who argued that animals could not possess episodic memory?
What, when, where memory.
Tulving
In what task do animals show that ‘what’ aspect of memory?
Spontaneous object recognition tests - more familiar object searched/explored less
In what task do animals show the ‘when’ aspect of memory?
Relative recency task - more recent object is more familiar, so older object explored more.
In what task do animals show the ‘where’ aspect of memory
Object in place task - present 4 objects, then swap the positions of two. Objects that were swapped were searched more than ones that stayed in same place, suggesting animals have memory for where an object was.
In episodic tasks (good et al, 2007) which combine what, when, where, what object should be explored the most, showing episodic memory in animals?
The object that is in the wrong place, and that was presented the least recent.
How did Clayton and Dickinson show episodic memory in Jay birds, (degrade vs replenish) and what was the degrade group do?
Had Jay birds bury worms and peanuts in different parts of food cache setup, as burying food to dig up for later a more natural activity. Birds naturally prefer worms over peanuts. Then altered time between burying and retrieval, as given the right time, worms would rot.
In group degrade experimenters let the worms rot, given time, for birds to learn that worms would rot. If enough time had elapsed, birds would use episodic memory (what, when, and where) to go for peanuts instead of rotten worms. If only a short term had elapsed birds would dig up worms.
In Clayton and Dickinson’s study what did the replenish group do?
In replenish group, Jay birds were deliberately taught that worms would not rot, as experimenters replaced rotten worms with fresh worms right before retrieval. Therefore birds would never learn that worms rot, despite large amounts of time. Then test with by letting worms rot, birds would still go form worms, as they did not make learn that worms rot over time. Suggesting episodic memory.
Latent inhibition is thought to be disrupted in ___________ patients and people with high _____________, and is thought to contribute to __________ symptoms, such as attributing significance to something unimportant.
LI disrupted in schizophrenics as well as high schizotypy, and thought to contribute to cognitive symptoms - ie may lead people to attribute significance to something unimportant.
Kapur (2003) argues that antipsychotic drugs ________ the ___________ of ____________ experiences in SZ patients with psychosis.
antipsychotic drugs essentially dampen the salience of abnormal experiences in SZ patients with pschosis
What are the 3 main theories of latent inhibition (also group into 2 main categories)?
1 CS predictability (wagner)
2 CS predictive ability
These two explain LI as a loss of attention resulting in less learning.
3 Retrieval failure
How does CS predictability explain Latent inhibition (Wagner), and how do Honey and Hall show this?
Context predicts CS. When CS is pre exposed it is allowed to pair with context, So during CS US learning, context puts some of CS elements into A2, so less excitatory learning occurs. Honey and Hall showed that changing context from CS presxposure to learning, reduces latent inhibition.
What is one issue of Wagner’s account (CS predictability) of latent inhibition which Baker and Mercier showed?
Baker and Mercier showed that extinguishing context (so that it no longer predicts CS) does not reduce latent inhibition. According to Wagner, if context is extinguished it should no longer put CS elements into A2, therefore CS learning should be normal (no latent inhibition). Howver this does not occur
What might explain Latent inhibition despite context extinction?
CS elements put other CS elements into A2.
Alpha (or alpha beta) is known as the __________ of a stimulus in the RWM.
associability - things like intensity, salience
Macknintosh (1975) argued that good predictors command ____________. If CS is no better at predicting outcome, then alpha _________. If CS is better at predicting outcome than anything else, then alpha ____________.
Good predictors command attention.
IF CS doesnt predict well, alpha decreases, less attention.
If CS does predict well, alpha increases, more attention.
Lepelley and Mclaren showed that ________ predictors do in fact command ____________. This is perhaps when learning is _______-________.
good predictors do demand attention
Perhaps when learning is goal directed
Pearce and Hall argued against mckintosh, saying what?
We should not pay attention to things that are highly predictive, as nothing new to learn about, but instead to things which are not highly predictive, as it is uncertain.
What did Pearce and Hall argue about the associability of a stimulus?
A In Latent inhibition, CS strongly predicts nothing, so low associability.
B In Normal conditioning, CS a strong predictor of something, so low associability.
C In Partial reinfrocement, CS bad predictor of something, so high associability.
D all of the above
D all
According to Pierce and Hall when should we and shouldnt we pay attention to a stimulus, and how did they show this in a study?
Should when stimulus is a weak predictor, and stimulus has an uncertain outcome, as demands our attention more - more orientating towards light in group different where light had unpredictable outcomes.
Predictive stimuli, which have certain outcomes, should not command attention, as nothing new to learn - less orientating toward light as little to learn about due to predictive outcomes.
Bouton et al argues that Latent inhibition is not a altered ____________, but instead, ____________ is impaired.
Normal learning but impaired retrieval
What type of experimental procedure is used to study Latent inhibition in humans?
A Priming
B Multitasking
C Masking
D Partial reinforcement
C Masking
What were the 2 stages of Baruch et al masking/Latent inhibition experiment in humans with schizophrenia, and what was found?
Pre-exposure (or not) - one group pre-exposed to white noise bursts whilst monitoring nonsense syllables, with one group just listening to nonsense syllables
Conditioning - now tasked to learn that white noise now predicts a counter (number going up on a ticker).
Finding - Non pre exposed learn the assoication of white noise and counter quicker than pre-exposed (LI effects make pre-exposed slower), except for pre-exposed schizophrenics, who learn at normal speed
Killcross and Robbins found that what drug type reduced Latent inhibition?
A Opioids
B Amphetamines
C Barbituates
D Alcohol
B Amphetamines
Killcross and Robbins study found that rats injected with ___________ show very similar levels of _________ ___________, to rats that have not been ____-___________ to a stimulus. This may be used as a model for reduced _________ _________ in Schizophrenia.
Rats injected with amphetamine show similar levels of latent inhibition to rats that have not been pre-exposed to a stimulus (no latent inhibition). Amphetamine induced LI reductions may be a model for reduced LI in Schizophrenia.
Latent inhibition can be found to be increased using drugs like _____________, which is a common treatment for Schizophrenia?
Haloperidol
What is one issue with the amphetamine model of schizophrenia?
Found that amphetamine abolishes LI, but only really when the US is aversive, and CR is a suppression of behaviour, such as a shock, but not when US is appetitive. Could just be that amphetamine increases the intensity of the shock, so learnt about quicker.
What are 3 main issues of making conclusions about LI effects in humans with schizophrenia, pointed out by LePelley and Schmidt?
1 Animal tasks are not really comparable to humans
2 Effects of medication not really controlled for well sometimes
3 Is it pre-exposure or conditioning, where the effects take place
True or False, LePelley et al found mixed/counter evidence that ettention/Latent inhibition is disrupted in people with schizotypy?
True
What experimental setup/design did Gibson and Walk use to test perceptual learning in animals (rats)?
Lashley jumping stand, where animals had to discriminate between two previously exposed stimuli, compared to animals that had not been pre-exposed.
Gibson and Walk found that pre - exposed animals tended to discriminate ________ than animals that had not been pre-exposed. They argued however, this is due to ____________________________________________ over time rather than true ____________ learning.
Pre-exposed animals discriminated between two stimuli better than non pre exposure group. However this due to elaboration of perceptual features over time, rather than any associative processes.
Symonds and Hall found that rats will fail to discriminate between a ________ and __________ flavour compound, due to their __________ elements.
Fail do discriminate between nasty vs safe compound due to a shared/common element.
Symonds and Hall tested conditioning to nasty vs safe flavour compounds, using what 3 different groups?
Group W pre-exposed to just water, so do not learn about common element X, and will fail to discriminate between nasty AX and safe BX.
Group AX and group BX, pre exposed to common element X once, so slightly latently inhibited to X, and will learn the discrimination slightly better
Group AX/BX exposed to AX and BX compounds, so double the latent inhbition of element X, so learn the best that BX is safe.
What 3 associative mechanisms did McLaren and Mackintosh say produced perceptual learning?
1 Latent inhibition of common elements
2 Mutual inhibition between unique elements (discrimination)
3 Unitisation
