L5 adrenals

Question 1

layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 1

1) zona glomerulosa (outer)
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis

Question 2

what is released by the zona glomerulosa

Answer 2

mineralocorticoid used for mineral regulation eg aldosterone

Question 3

what is released by the zona fasciculata

Answer 3

glucocorticoid used for regulation of glucose metabolism eg cortisol

Question 4

what is released by the zona reticularis

Answer 4

androgens to stimulate masculinization eg DHEA

Question 5

function of aldosterone

Answer 5

regulation of electrolytes (Na, K) and water in the body by increasing water and Na absorption and increasing K excretion

Question 6

where does aldosterone act

Answer 6

distal tube – Na, K
collecting duct and colon – Na

Question 7

function of cortisol

Answer 7

maintains BP, slows inflammatory response, maintain glucose level in blood, regulate metabolism of protein, carb, and fat

Question 8

how does cortisol regulate glucose levels

Answer 8

promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and inhibiting glycogenesis.

Question 9

symptoms of Addison’s

Answer 9

skin darkening, low BP, syncope, hypoglycaemia, lethargic, vomiting and diarrhea. Low Na in blood, high K and Ca in blood

Question 9

what is Addison’s disease

Answer 9

primary adrenal insufficiency, deficient in mineralocorticoid and cortisol.

Question 10

treatment of Addison’s

Answer 10

steroid replacement

Question 11

what are the functions of estrogen

Answer 11

reduces bowel motility, increase platelet adhesion, supports alveoli, cardio-protection, reduces bone absorption, salt and water retention, increased GH

Question 12

functions of testosterone

Answer 12

anabolic (increases bone and muscle mass), libido

Question 13

what is the adrenal medulla

Answer 13

adrenal medulla is the inner layer of the adrenal gland

Question 14

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 14

catecholamine (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

Question 15

what is the adrenal medulla mainly composed of

Answer 15

chromaffin cells that convert tyrosine (AA) into catecholamine

Question 16

what is the function of dopamine

Answer 16

cognitive control/ memory, reward perception, positive reinforcement, motor system function, sexual arousal/ orgasm

Question 17

functions of catecholamine

Answer 17

pupil dilation, HR and contraction force up, bronchodilator, skeletal muscle vasodilation, GI smooth muscle constriction, peristalsis down, renin secretion up, ejaculation, sweat secretion

Question 18

what is pheochromocytoma

Answer 18

adrenal gland disease that is due to a tumor of the adrenal gland, increases adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion

Question 19

symptoms of pheochromocytoma

Answer 19

headache, hypertension, nausea, tachycardia, anxiety, stroke, eye damage, kidney damage

Question 20

what is cushings syndrome

Answer 20

adrenal gland disease that is due to excess glucocorticoids due to tumor in the pituitary gland or an excessive production of cortisol

Question 21

symptoms of cushings syndrome

Answer 21

moodiness, fat gain, muscle and bone weakness, immune suppression, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus

Question 22

treatment of cushings

Answer 22

removal of adrenal gland or tumor, steroid treatment

Question 23

what is addison’s disease

Answer 23

adrenal gland disease that is due to too little aldosterone and cortisol. due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

Question 24

symptoms of addison’s disease

Answer 24

excess Na loss and K retention, dehydrated, can be lethal

Question 25

treatment of addison’s

Answer 25

adrenal hormone

Question 26

what is adrenal virilism

Answer 26

adrenal gland disease that is due to excessive production of adrenal androgens caused by adrenal tumor and congenital adrenal enlargement

Question 27

symptoms of adrenal virilism

Answer 27

masculinization (facial hair, hair loss, muscle up), halted menstruation, uterus atrophy, decreased breast size

Question 28

treatment of adrenal virilism

Answer 28

administer glucocorticoid, removal of adrenal glands

Question 29

what is waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

Answer 29

failure of adrenal gland due to bacteremia (bacteria in the blood)

Question 30

symptoms of waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

Answer 30

organ failure, coma, low BP disseminated intravascular coagulation, purpurea (red purple skin due to subcutaneous bleeding), adrenocorticoi insufficiency

Question 31

treatment of waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

Answer 31

glucocorticoid, antibiotics

Question 32

what is the classification of endocrinopathy

Answer 32

primary: problem with downstream glands
secondary: problem with pituitary
tertiary: problem with hypothalamus
other: damage to receptor mechanisms in target tissue