L5 adrenals Flashcards
layers of the adrenal cortex
1) zona glomerulosa (outer)
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis
what is released by the zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoid used for mineral regulation eg aldosterone
what is released by the zona fasciculata
glucocorticoid used for regulation of glucose metabolism eg cortisol
what is released by the zona reticularis
androgens to stimulate masculinization eg DHEA
function of aldosterone
regulation of electrolytes (Na, K) and water in the body by increasing water and Na absorption and increasing K excretion
where does aldosterone act
distal tube – Na, K
collecting duct and colon – Na
function of cortisol
maintains BP, slows inflammatory response, maintain glucose level in blood, regulate metabolism of protein, carb, and fat
how does cortisol regulate glucose levels
promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and inhibiting glycogenesis.
symptoms of Addison’s
skin darkening, low BP, syncope, hypoglycaemia, lethargic, vomiting and diarrhea. Low Na in blood, high K and Ca in blood
what is Addison’s disease
primary adrenal insufficiency, deficient in mineralocorticoid and cortisol.
treatment of Addison’s
steroid replacement
what are the functions of estrogen
reduces bowel motility, increase platelet adhesion, supports alveoli, cardio-protection, reduces bone absorption, salt and water retention, increased GH
functions of testosterone
anabolic (increases bone and muscle mass), libido
what is the adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla is the inner layer of the adrenal gland
what does the adrenal medulla secrete
catecholamine (adrenaline, noradrenaline)
what is the adrenal medulla mainly composed of
chromaffin cells that convert tyrosine (AA) into catecholamine
what is the function of dopamine
cognitive control/ memory, reward perception, positive reinforcement, motor system function, sexual arousal/ orgasm
functions of catecholamine
pupil dilation, HR and contraction force up, bronchodilator, skeletal muscle vasodilation, GI smooth muscle constriction, peristalsis down, renin secretion up, ejaculation, sweat secretion
what is pheochromocytoma
adrenal gland disease that is due to a tumor of the adrenal gland, increases adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion
symptoms of pheochromocytoma
headache, hypertension, nausea, tachycardia, anxiety, stroke, eye damage, kidney damage
what is cushings syndrome
adrenal gland disease that is due to excess glucocorticoids due to tumor in the pituitary gland or an excessive production of cortisol
symptoms of cushings syndrome
moodiness, fat gain, muscle and bone weakness, immune suppression, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus
treatment of cushings
removal of adrenal gland or tumor, steroid treatment
what is addison’s disease
adrenal gland disease that is due to too little aldosterone and cortisol. due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
symptoms of addison’s disease
excess Na loss and K retention, dehydrated, can be lethal
treatment of addison’s
adrenal hormone
what is adrenal virilism
adrenal gland disease that is due to excessive production of adrenal androgens caused by adrenal tumor and congenital adrenal enlargement
symptoms of adrenal virilism
masculinization (facial hair, hair loss, muscle up), halted menstruation, uterus atrophy, decreased breast size
treatment of adrenal virilism
administer glucocorticoid, removal of adrenal glands
what is waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
failure of adrenal gland due to bacteremia (bacteria in the blood)
symptoms of waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
organ failure, coma, low BP disseminated intravascular coagulation, purpurea (red purple skin due to subcutaneous bleeding), adrenocorticoi insufficiency
treatment of waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
glucocorticoid, antibiotics
what is the classification of endocrinopathy
primary: problem with downstream glands
secondary: problem with pituitary
tertiary: problem with hypothalamus
other: damage to receptor mechanisms in target tissue
