L1 nutrition

Question 1

what are the three macronutrients

Answer 1

fat, carbohydrates, protein

Question 2

fat advantages

Answer 2

essential fatty acids: are major constituents of membrane phospholipid, precursor for eicosanoids

Question 3

protein advantages

Answer 3

essential amino acids: protein synthesis, catecholamines, thyroid hormones, neurotransmitters

Question 4

too little fats

Answer 4

failure in growth, reproductive problems

Question 5

too little carbs

Answer 5

(actually not essential) but absence of carbs can cause acidosis, hypoglycaemia (drop in sugar lvl), muscle wasting (AA gets used up for energy instead)

Question 6

too little protein

Answer 6

kwashiorkor (severe edema, liver enlargement, dermatitis, severe permanent intellectual disability)

Question 7

what is marasmus

Answer 7

calorie deficit, <60% of weight for age

Question 8

too much fat

Answer 8

cardiovascular disease

Question 9

too much carbs

Answer 9

diabetes, glucose toxicity

Question 10

too much protein

Answer 10

osteoporosis, kidney disease, calcium stone in urinary tract, some cancers

Question 11

what is visceral fat

Answer 11

fat hidden inside abdominal organ, surrounding stomach, liver, intestine.

Question 12

what is subcutaneous fat

Answer 12

fat under skin, not as dangerous as visceral fat

Question 13

dangers of visceral fat

Answer 13

linked to metsbolic disease, insulin resistance, increased risk of death

Question 14

what is GERD

Answer 14

gastro-esophageal reflux disease, reflux of stomach content into esophagus. causes pain/ esophagitis, heartburn. ofcurs to 25% of population

Question 15

causes if GERD

Answer 15

transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, obesity, sleep apnea

Question 16

non pharmacological treatments

Answer 16

leave 2hrs before meal and sleep, reduce fat, alcohol, coffee, chocolate intake, elevate head during sleep

Question 17

what are gallstones

Answer 17

crystallization caused by excess cholesterol or lack of bile salts

Question 18

symptoms of gallstone

Answer 18

pain as gallbladder contracts, blocked bileduct, jaundice, secondary infection due to intestinal bacteria

Question 19

risk factor of gallstones

Answer 19

obesity, cirrhosis (ตับแข็ง), sickle cell disease, non vegetarians

Question 20

gallstone treatment

Answer 20

removal, dissolution, sonication

Question 21

non alcoholic fatty liver disease can cause

Answer 21

cirrhosis, insulin resistance

Question 22

what are some micronutrients

Answer 22

vit A, vit B1, vit D, vit C, zinc, iron

Question 23

excess and deficit of vit a

Answer 23

e: increased bone turnover (bone loss due to osteoporosis, spontaneous bone fracture), hair loss, mouth ulcers

d: nightblindedness, hyperkeratosis

Question 24

excess and deficit of vit b1

Answer 24

e: drowsiness

d: beriberi (pns problems, walking problems, parslysis), wernicke-korsakov syndrome (psychosis)

Question 25

excess and deficit of vit d

Answer 25

e: hypercalcaemia (weaken bones, kidney stones, heart and brain function interference), bone pain

d: osteoporosis, rickets, asthma, inflammatory conditions

Question 26

excess and deficit of vit c

Answer 26

e: kidney stones

d: scurvy (fatigue, gum loss, membrane bleed, open wounds, loss of teeth, neuropathy, death from bleeding)

Question 27

deficit of zinc

Answer 27

acrodermatitis enteropathica
skin lesions, hair loss, diarrhea, inflammation, secondary infections, growth retardation, hypogonadism (reduction of hormone excretion from testes and ovaries), delayed wound healing

Question 28

what is iron poisoning (acute and chronic)

Answer 28

no mechanism to rid excess iron in body, only usage.

acute: vomiting, diarrhea, fever, hyperglycaemia, leucocytosis (increase in number of wbc)

chronic: hypotension, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, seizure, coma