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4GHM > L4 lower GI > Flashcards

L4 lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

complete digestion of food (with assistance of the liver and pancreatic secretion) and to absorb of nutrients and minerals into the body

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2
Q

what is the overall length of the SI

A

6-7m, but contracts to 2-4m

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3
Q

what is the length of each part of the SI

A

duodenum = 0.25m
jejunum = 2.5m
ileum = 3.6m

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4
Q

what is the two types of motility of the SI

A

segmentation and peristalsis

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5
Q

what is segmentation

A

segmentation of the chyme helps to mix the chyme, initiated by the pacemaker cells. this is done by alternating rings of contraction and relaxation, moving food forwards and backwards (bi-directional)

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6
Q

what is peristalsis

A

contraction of circular and longitudinal smooth muscles in coordination to move food along

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7
Q

what does the duodenum release that causes gastric emptying

A

motilin

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8
Q

what is MMC

A

migrating motor complex, tummy rumble.

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9
Q

where does MMC originate

A

the stomach and duodenum

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10
Q

what does MMC do

A

it helps to move indigestibles

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11
Q

how does the ileocaecal valve open (valve between SI and LI

A

gastroileal reflex and the gastrin (released by parietal cells in the stomach)

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12
Q

sympathetic innervation of the SI

A

from thoracic splanchnic nerves

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13
Q

parasympathetic innervation of SI

A

from vagus nerve

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14
Q

where is the blood supply of the SI from

A

superior mesenteric artery

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15
Q

where does the blood from the SI drain to

A

superior mesenteric vein then through hepatic portal vein

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16
Q

when does blood flow in SI increase

A

during parasympathetic excitation (after feeding)

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17
Q

when does blood flow decrease in SI

A

during sympathetic excitation

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18
Q

what is intestinal blood flow controlled by

A

local hormones, glucose, and fatty acids

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19
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the shortest and straightest section of the small intestine. it begins from pyloric sphincter to duodenal-jejunal junction. it is retroperitoneal and relatively static

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20
Q

what is the duodenum connected to

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (bile duct and pancreatic duct)

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21
Q

how does the duodenum connect to the liver

A

via the lesser omentum

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22
Q

what is an autoimmune disease related to the duodenum

A

coeliac disease

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23
Q

what causes coeliac disease

A

a reaction to gliadin (gluten protein)

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24
Q

what are symptoms of coeliac disease

A

grey, loose, greasy, large stools., fatigue, anaemia, failure to thrive, diarrhea/ constipation, lactose intolerance development

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25
Q

what is the difference between wheat allergy and coeliac disease

A

coeliac is autoimmune whilst wheat allergy is an immune response

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26
Q

what are the functions of jejunum and ileum

A

specialised for absorption

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27
Q

what are the jejunum and ileum

A

SI segment that is suspended in loops from the posterior abdominal wall. they are intraperitoneal

28
Q

how is the SA of the SI increased

A

circular folds, villi, microvilli

29
Q

what is the lacteal

A

lymphatic vessel in the villi

30
Q

what is the goblet cell

A

cells that produce mucus on the villi

31
Q

what is an enterocyte

A

absorptive cells on the villi, possesses microvilli

32
Q

what is the intestinal crypt

A

tubular glands on the villi

33
Q

what is the function of a tubular crypt

A

secretes intestinal juice of pH 7.4-7.8

34
Q

what is carried in the intestinal juice that the intestinal crypt secretes

A

molecular digestive products for absorption

35
Q

what stimulates the release of intestinal juice

A

acidic/ hypertonic chyme

36
Q

what is secreted by the enteroendocrine cell

A

enterogastrone hormones and T cells

37
Q

what is the function of the paneth cells

A

secretes antimicrobial peptides and protein (lysozymes and defensins), allowing some bacterias to die, and some to colonise

38
Q

how does the small intestine renew?

A

stem cells

39
Q

what do the stem cells differentiate to

A

goblet cells, absorptive cells, enteroendocrine cells, paneth cells.

40
Q

how do old cells get removed

A

apoptosis

41
Q

what is peyer’s patches

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules that keep the intestinal flora at appropriate levels and the pathogens at bay, thus preventing a large number of infections.

42
Q

where are peyer’s patches located

A

more numerous in distal SI.

43
Q

what is duodenal glands (brunner’s glands)

A

produces alkaline mucus (containing bicarbonate) to neutralize stomach acid

44
Q

where is the duodenal/ brunner’s glands located

A

submucosa of duodenum

45
Q

what is the function of the large intestine (3)

A
  1. reabsorb water from indigestible food
  2. absorb metabolites produced by bacteria
  3. eliminate feces from body
46
Q

what is the length and width of the large intestine

A

1.5m and 7cm

47
Q

what are the blood supply of the large intestine

A

superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery

48
Q

where does the large intestine blood drain to

A

inferior mesenteric vein, then to splenic vein. superior mesenteric vein and then to hepatic portal vein

49
Q

how long is the rectum

A

12cm

50
Q

what is the function of the function of the rectum

A

temporary storage of feces

51
Q

what happens when no defecation occurs

A

feces returned to colon and more water reabsorbed, leading to constipation

52
Q

what is the apparent function of the vermiform appendix

A

contains lymphoid tissue that may contain a reservoir for healthy gut bacteria to allow the body to replenish after an infection or illness.

53
Q

what is appendicitis

A

acute inflammation of the appendix, caused by infectious bacteria trapped within

54
Q

symptoms of appendicitis

A

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, appetite loss

55
Q

what happens when appendix ruptures

A

peritonitis

56
Q

treatment of appendicitis

A

immediate appendectomy

57
Q

what is the mucosa of the LI

A

simple columnar epithelium in colon and rectum. no circular fold, villi, or enzymatic secretory cell. thick mucosa, deep crypts, and many goblet cells

58
Q

three types of epithelium in the anal canal

A

simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified keratinized.

59
Q

what is the flora of the LI and their functions

A

10 million types of bacteria are present in the LI
their functions include synthesizing vitamin B and K, metabolizing secreted compounds eg mucin, heparin, hyaluronic acid., and fermenting carbohydrates.

60
Q

how are feces formed

A

food residue present in the large intestine for 12-24 hours and enters the ileocaecal valve, becoming feces.

61
Q

what is contained in feces

A

undigestibles (fibre)
bacteria
waste from erythrocyte breakdown
mucus
epithelial cells
water

62
Q

why are feces brown

A

stercobilin (bile pigment), end product of breakdown of hemoglobin

63
Q

motility of LI

A

mass movement: is long, slow, and powerful, peristalsis, dietary fibre aids motility

64
Q

what is haustral contractions

A

occurs when distention occurs, is slow and short. segmentation (mixing) aids water reabsorption, occurs in ascending and transverse colon

65
Q

what is the defecation reflex

A

parasympathetic and mediated by spinal cord.
has voluntary and involuntary aspects
aided by voluntarily increasing into-abdominal pressure and contracting levitator ani muscle

66
Q

diarrhea causes

A
  • cholera – increase in active secretion (secretory diarrhea)
  • coeliac, excess fructose/ sorbital – osmotic diarrhea
  • crohn’s, e coli – exudative diarrhea
  • ibs, bacterial infection – inflammatory

4GHM (8 decks)

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