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Crop Protection > L4.1: Chemical Control Methods in Pest Management > Flashcards

L4.1: Chemical Control Methods in Pest Management Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical control is generally called as ______________

A

Pesticides

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2
Q

Is a toxic chemical substance or a mixture of substances or biological agents intentionally released into the environment to control and destroy pests.

A

Pesticide

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3
Q

Pesticides are either: ________

A

Chemical substance (chemical pesticide)
Biological agent or microbial agents (biopesticides)
Antimicrobial agent/compounds
Botanical compounds
Synthetic pyrethroids

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4
Q

Type of pesticides that could be synthetic organic compounds.

A

Chemical substance

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5
Q

Example of Organic Compounds in chemical substances?

A

Organochlorines, organophosphorus, and carbamates.

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6
Q

Living organisms that are used in biological agents or microbial agents for insect control?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis(Aztron or thuricide)
Baculovirus

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7
Q

Pesticides that are used to disinfect seeds and postharvest products.

A

Antimicrobial agent/compounds

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8
Q

Types of botanical compounds?

A

Pyrethrins
Nicotine
Rotenone

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9
Q

Types of botanical compounds such as pyrethrins come from ?

A

Chrysanthemum

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10
Q

Types of botanical compounds such as nicotine come from ?

A

Tobacco

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11
Q

Types of botanical compounds such as rotenone come from ?

A

Derris

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12
Q

This is synthesized from petroleum-based chemicals.

A

Synthetic pyrethroids, nicotinoids, and rotenoids.

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13
Q

What are the pesticides classification?

A
  1. Target organism ( the pest they control)
  2. Sources of origin
  3. Toxicity
  4. Chemical structure
  5. mode of action( the way they control the pest)
  6. Selectivity
  7. Physical state or formulation
  8. Mode of entry
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14
Q

It kill insects and other arthropods.

A

Insecticides

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15
Q

It kills fungi ( including blights, mildews, molds, and rusts).

A

Fungicides

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16
Q

It kills bacteria or acts against bacteria.

A

Bactericides

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17
Q

It kills weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted.

A

Herbicides

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18
Q

It kills or controls growth of algae

A

Algaecides

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19
Q

It repels pests by its taste or smell.

A

Repellents

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20
Q

It Act in plants by driving their tissues

A

Desiccants

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21
Q

Inhibits the growth of eggs of insects and mites

A

Ovicides

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22
Q

It kills birds

A

Avicides

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23
Q

Stop any damage to cloths by moth larvae or molds.

A

Moth balls

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24
Q

It target larvae of lampreys which are jawless fish like vertebrates in the river.

A

Lampricides

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25
Q

It Act against fishes

A

Piscicides

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26
Q

It acts against woody vegetation

A

Silvicides

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27
Q

Derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, and microorganisms( bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes).

A

Biological or biopesticides

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28
Q

Most host-specific, less toxic to non-target organisms, and environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides.

A

Biological or biopesticides

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29
Q

Three groups of biological or biopesticides

A
  • microbial pesticides
  • botanical pesticides
  • biochemical pesticides
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30
Q

It could be the microorganism itself or a toxin, or any products from microorganisms.

A

Microbial pesticides

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31
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis products?

A

Dipel
Thuricide
Aztron

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32
Q

Organic pesticides that are derived from plants?

A

Botanical pesticides

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33
Q

Types of botanical pesticides that are refined 6 esters obtained from pyretrum, extracted from Chrysanthemum ( Tanacetum ( genus))

A

Pyrethrins

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34
Q

Types of botanical pesticides that are synthetic compounds produce to mimic the effects of the pyrethrins esters.

A

Pyrethroids

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35
Q

Other synthetic copied from botanical?

A

-Rotenoids and nicotinoids
-Sabadilla
-Azadiractin
-Ryania

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36
Q

Imidacloprid ( Confidor or Winner)
Thiamethoxam (Acatara)

A

Synthetic forms of rotenone and nicotine

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37
Q

Plant that contain rotenone extract?

A

Derris elliptica (tubli)

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38
Q

It caused convulsion and death of insects.

A

Rotenone

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39
Q

Plants that contain necotine extract that are the source of the copied synthetic chemical nicotinoid a contact poison that affects the nerves causing death.

A

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

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40
Q

-It contact and stomach poison
-It affects the nerves causing death of caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips, stink bugs, and squash bugs attacking vegetables.

A

Sabadilla

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41
Q

Sabadilla is from what plants?

A

Schoenocaulon officinale (Liliaceae)

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42
Q

Products of sabadilla?

A

Veratran D

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43
Q

It obtain from neem tree (Azadiracta indica)

A

Azadiractin

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44
Q

Products of azadiractin?

A

Neemcure, Azatin, and Azadin

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45
Q

It obtain from the roots and stems of Ryania speciosa (Flacourtiaceae)

A

Ryania

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46
Q

A naturally occurring organic compound that contains nitrogen and is found in plants and some fungi.

A

Alkaloid

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47
Q

This alkaloid is useful as a contact or stomach poison and directly prevents muscles from contracting, causing paralysis.

A

Ryania

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48
Q

IGRs means?

A

Insect deterrents or repellents and insect growth regulators (IGRs)

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49
Q

Is mimic hormones in young insects and disrupt their growth and reproduction or affects metamorphosis, causing malformations, sterility, and death.

A

IGRs

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50
Q

A pesticides that has natural materials with nontoxic mechanism to control pests.

A

Biochemical pesticides

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51
Q

Insect sex pheromones are example of what pesticides?

A

Biochemical pesticides

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52
Q

Pesticide classification that is usually expressed in LD50 (median Lethal Dose) that produces death in 50% of exposed animals and LC50 ( 50% lethal concentration)

A

Based on toxicity

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53
Q

What toxicity level is Class IV

A

Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use

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54
Q

What toxicity level is Class lll

A

Slightly hazardous

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55
Q

What WHO class does toxicity level extremely hazardous

A

Class la

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56
Q

What toxicity level does class Ib

A

Highly hazardous

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57
Q

Color red pesticides classification means ?

A

Poison

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58
Q

It indicates color blue pesticides classification.

A

Danger

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59
Q

Indicates color green pesticides classification.

A

Caution

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60
Q

Natural insecticides And Synthetic insecticides are example of _______

A

Chemical structure/composition

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61
Q

It is either plant-based or from mineral oils.

A

Natural insecticides

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62
Q

These are also either inorganic or organic in origin but most are of organic origin.

A

Synthetic insecticides

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63
Q

What are the categories of organic insecticides?

A
  1. Organochlorines
  2. Organophosphate
  3. Carbamates
  4. Pyrethroids
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64
Q

The most common and useful method of classifying pesticides.

A

Based on their chemical composition and nature of Active ingredient (AI).

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65
Q

What are the types of plant based insecticides.

A
  1. Pyrethrum
  2. Azadiractin
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66
Q

Types of natural insecticides?

A

-Plant based
-Mineral oils

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67
Q

Types of organic insecticides?

A

Organochlorines
Organophosphate
Carbamates
Pyrethroids

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68
Q

Types of synthetic insecticides?

A

Inorganic
Organic

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69
Q

What are the types of insecticides?

A

-Natural
-Synthetic

70
Q

Types of organochlorines?

A

-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltricholoethane
-BHC (benzene hexachloride)

71
Q

Types of organochlorines?

A

-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltricholoethane
-BHC (benzene hexachloride)

72
Q

Types of organophosphate

A

Malathion
Temephos
Fenthion
Dichlorvos
Fenitrothion
Pirimiphos methyl

73
Q

Types of carbamates?

A

Propoxur
Bendiocarb
Carbaryl

74
Q

Types of pyrethroids?

A

Deltamethrin
Cyfluthrin
Bifenthrin
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Permethrin

75
Q

Also known as chlorinated hydrocarbons?

A

Organochlorines

76
Q

-They were extensively used in the 1940’s through 1960.

-Some were banned in advanced countries like in the US because of persistence or long-term residual effect in the environment.

A

Organochlorines

77
Q

Are derivatives of phosphoric acid are formulated either as:
- a stomach poison,
- contact poison
- fumigant poison leading to nerve poison

A

Organophosphate or organophosphorus pesticides

78
Q

These pesticides are biodegradable, causing minimum environmental pollution but are potentially toxic to various non-target species affecting the nervous impulses leading to paralysis and death.

A

Organophosphate or organophosphorus pesticides

79
Q

-Similar to organophosphate but are derived from carbamic acid while organophosphate from phosphoric acid.
-Used as stomach and contact poison and affect the nerves resulting in death. Sometimes, they are used as a fumigant.

A

Carbamates

80
Q

-They can be easily degraded in the natural environment with minimum environmental pollution.

  • Examples are Carbaryl (Sevin), carbofuran (Furadan), and propoxur (one of Baygon products).
A

Carbamates

81
Q

-Are highly toxic to insects and fish but slightly toxic to mammals and birds.
-Most are non-persistent and got broken easily on exposure to light and considered to the safest insecticides for use.

A

Synthetic pyrethroids

82
Q

Synthesized by duplicating the structure of natural pyrethrins. Relatively more stable with more prolonged residual effects.

Eg. Allethrin and Permethrin

A

Synthetic pyrethroids

83
Q

Physical poison : heavy mineral oils and inert dust

Arsenicals:

A

Protoplasmic

84
Q

Heavy metals: Hg and acids

Respiratory poison:

A

Hydrogen cyanide, rotenone, dinitrophenols

85
Q

Organophosphate (Malathion): nerve poison

Chitin synthesis inhibitors:

A

diflubenzuron

86
Q

heavy metals: Hg and Acids

Stomach poison:

A

Bt formulation

87
Q

It kills a wide range of pests and other non-target organisms.

A

Broad-spectrum pesticides

88
Q

Broad-spectrum insecticide : Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)

Glyphosate (Roundup):

A

Broad-spectrum herbicide

89
Q

It kill only a specific or group of pests leaving other organisms unaffected or with little effect.

A

Selective or narrow- spectrum pesticides

90
Q

What is the target insects of Pirimicarb

A

Aphids

91
Q

Selective insecticide : Pirimicarb

Selective herbicide:

A

2,4-D

92
Q

It affects broad-leaved plants leaving the grassy crops unaffected

A

2,4-D

93
Q

Pesticides formulation are a mixture of chemicals that aimed to control target pests.

A

Active ingredient (AI)

94
Q

Pesticide formulations are mixture of materials added to the a.i to make the pesticides safer, more effective, and easier to measure, mix, and apply or store longer to increase shelf life ( water, petroleum solvent, wetting agents, spreaders, stickers, and extenders).

A

Inert ingredients

95
Q

Three main types of formulation?

A

-Solid
-Liquid
-Gas

96
Q

The active ingredient is mixed with inert clays to form particles of various sizes.

A

Granules

97
Q

These are prepared for direct application and require specialized dispersal equipment, scattered by hand or small hand-cranked units.

A

Granular formulations

98
Q

Are finely ground mixtures of the active ingredient and an inert carrier such as clay, talc, silica gel, pyrophyllite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, hydrated lime, or kaolin.

A

Dust formulations

99
Q

They are intended for direct application without further mixing.

A

Dust formulations

100
Q

Granules : solid formulation

Dust formulations :

A

Solid formulation

101
Q

Miscellaneous formulation:

Baits : miscellaneous formulation

A

Ultra-low volume concentrates (ULV)

102
Q

Ate in their original liquid form dissolved in a small amount of solvent.

A

Ultra-low volume concentrates (ULV)

103
Q

These concentrates may approach 100% active ingredients.

A

Ultra-low volume concentrates (ULV)

104
Q

The active ingredients are mixed with pest food or attractant.

A

Baits

105
Q

Based on Mode of Entry pesticides are classified as the following:

A

Systematic pesticides
Non-systemic or contact poisons,
Stomach poisons
Fumigants and repellents

106
Q

It absorbed by plants or animal hosts and transfer to untreated tissues.

A

Systematic pesticides

107
Q

It penetrate plant tissues and move through the vascular system killing weeds with partial spray coverage.

A

Systematic pesticides

108
Q

Must come into physical contact with the pest to be effective. Upon contact, the pesticide enters the body of pests via their epidermis and causes death by poisoning.

A

Contact pesticides

109
Q

Paraquat and diquat are examples of what pesticides?

A

Contact pesticides

110
Q

It enters the pest’s body through their mouth and digestive system and causes death by poisoning.

A

Stomach poison

111
Q

They are applied as sprays or dust onto the leaves and stems of plants and eaten by the target insects.

A

Stomach poison

112
Q

Pesticides that form poisonous gases when applied. They enter through the insect spiracles and cause death by poisoning.

A

Fumigants

113
Q

Common fumigants used to treat stored products or nursery stock.

A
  • hydrogen cyanide
  • naphthalene
  • nicotine
  • methyl bromide.
114
Q

Soil fumigants commonly used as nematicides :

A

-Methyl bromide
-dichloropropane
-propylene oxide
-dibromochloropropane
-Organophosphate
- chloropicrin

115
Q

Do not kill but are distasteful enough to keep pests away from treated areas/commodities. They also interfere with pest’s ability to locate crop.

A

Repellents

116
Q

Pyrethrin, Bifenthrin, and Talstar P are examples of?

A

Repellents

117
Q

-Chemicals used for destroying unwanted vegetation or weeds.

A

Herbicides

118
Q

Herbicides are classified based on:

A
  1. Translocation
  2. Timing of application
  3. Method of application
  4. Specificity
119
Q

-extensively translocated in the plant through the vascular system and water, nutrients, and other materials from absorption to action sites.

A

Systemic herbicides (translocated)

120
Q

Kill only the portion of plant tissue in contact; therefore, it must be applied uniformly to effective. These are comparatively fast-acting herbicides.

A

Non-systemic herbicides (contact)

121
Q

Two types of herbicides based on translocation.

A

Systemic herbicides (translocated)
Non-systemic herbicides (contact)

122
Q

Types of herbicides based on time of application.

A

Preplant herbicides
Pre-emergence herbicides
Post-emergence herbicides

123
Q

Are non-selective herbicides applied to the soil before planting.

A

Preplant herbicides

124
Q

Are applied before the weed seedlings emerge through the soil surface.

A

Pre-emergence herbicides

125
Q

Are applied after the weed seedlings have emerged through the soil surface. Must not be made when there is rain making them ineffective.

A

Post-emergence herbicides

126
Q

Types of herbicides based on method of application.

A

Soil herbicides
Foliar herbicides

127
Q

Herbicides that are applied to the soil and are used as pre-plant or pre-emergence treatment.

A

Soil herbicides

128
Q

Types of herbicides that are on the hand, are generally post-emergence and can either be translocated (systemic) throughout the plant or at a specific site.

A

Foliar herbicides

129
Q

Types herbicides based on specificity:

A

Selective herbicides
Non-selective herbicides

130
Q

It control or suppress individual plants without affecting the growth of other species.

A

Selective herbicide

131
Q

It control broadleaf weeds but remains ineffective against grasses.

A

2,4-D, mecoprop, dicamba

132
Q

It kill all kinds of weeds.

A

Non-selective herbicides

133
Q

Are chemicals or biological agents that kill or inhibit fungi, including the fungal-like organisms like the Oocytes

A

Fungicides

134
Q

Chemicals that inhibit but do not kill fungi (only inhibit its growth, sporulation, or spore germination)

A

Fungistats

135
Q

Chemicals that inhibit but do not kill fungi (only inhibit its growth, sporulation, or spore germination)

A

Fungistats

136
Q

Fungicides are classified based on:

A
  1. Origin
  2. Mode of Action
  3. Their general uses
137
Q

A fungicides that contain living organisms (bacteria, fungi) that are antagonistic to plant pathogens.

A

Bio-fungicides

138
Q

Eco guard: Bacillus licheniformis
Trichoderma harzianum:

A

Bio-Trek 22G

139
Q

A bio-organic fungicide in the Philippines.

A

Serenade

140
Q

The active ingredient of Serenade the bio-organic fungicide in the Philippines.

A

Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 as the active ingredient

141
Q

The fungicides that are synthesized from organic and inorganic.

A

Chemical fungicides

142
Q

Types of fungicides based on the mode of action.

A

1.Protectant
2. Therapeutants
3. Eradicant

143
Q

Fungicides that are effective only when applied before the fungal infection occurs.

A

Protectants

144
Q

Fungicides that can eradicate a fungus after it has caused the infection and curing the plant.

A

Therapeutants

145
Q

Type of therapeutants that are systemic in their action and effect the deep-seated infection.

A

Chemotherapeutant

146
Q

The fungicides remove pathogenic fungi from the site of infection.

A

Eradicant

147
Q

These chemicals eradicate the host’s dormant or active pathogen. They remain useful on or in the host for some time.

A

Organic mercurials, lime sulfur, and iodine

148
Q

What are the classification of fungicides based on their general uses:

A

1.Seed protectants
2. Soil fungicides
3. Foliage and blossom fungicides
4. Tree wound dresser

149
Q

One of their examples is captan,thiram, organomercuries, carbendazim, and carboxin.

A

Seed protectants

150
Q

The one that applied to the soil. They are used as a pre-plant treatment, e.g., Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, chloropicrin, Formaldehyde, and Vape.

A

Soil fungicides

151
Q

A fungicides that one of their example is Captan, ferbam, zineb, protectants mancozeb, and chlorothalonil.

A

Foliage and blossom fungicides

152
Q

Fungicides that are one of their examples is Bordeaux mixture, while antibiotic, example are cystidine, griseofulvin, streptomycin.

A

Tree wound dresser

153
Q

Are pesticides that kill rodents that include rats and mice, and squirrels.

A

Rodenticides

154
Q

Rodenticides is usually formulated as _____ , designed to attract animals.

A

Baits

155
Q

It has flavorings added that may be attractive to children and pets, so they should never be used or stored within their reach of children.

A

Rodenticides

156
Q

What are the classification of rodenticides based on Mode of action?

A
  1. Acute poison
  2. Chronic Rodenticides (Anticoagulant)
157
Q

Examples of chronic Rodenticides Anticoagulant?

A

Zinc phosphate and Racumin

158
Q

These are pesticides against mollusks, They are also known as snail baits, snail pellets, or slug pellets, which damage crops or other valued plants by feeding on them.

A

Molluscicides

159
Q

True or false.

Molluscides are not included the Metal salts such as iron (lll) phosphate, aluminum sulfate, and ferric sodium EDTA, which are relatively nontoxic and used in organic gardening.

A

False, it include

160
Q

These are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, highly toxic to other animals and humans, also acts as a contact poison.

A

Metaldehyde
Methiocarb

161
Q

True or false.
Advantages of Chemical pesticides are relatively high cost.

A

False. Low cost

162
Q

True or false.
Advantages of Chemical pesticides are Easy to apply and fast acting lively effect.

A

False. Knockdown effect

163
Q

True or false.
Advantages of Chemical pesticides are Readily available in the market and unlimited damage is done to crops if applied at the right concentration.

A

False. Limited

164
Q

True or false.
The disadvantages of chemical pesticides are effect on non-target organisms and pest resurgence - rapid reappearance of a pest population in injurious members, usually brought about after applying a broad-spectrum pesticides that has killed the natural enemies that normally keep a pest in check

A

True

165
Q

What are the disadvantages of chemical pesticides?

A

-Effect on non-target organism
-Pest resurgence
-Pesticides resistance
-Persistence or accumulation in the environment (biomagnification)

166
Q

Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that rapid reappearance of a pest population in injurious numbers, usually brought about after applying a broad-spectrum pesticides that has killed the natural enemies that normally keep a pest in check.

A

Pest resurgence

167
Q

Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that pests become resistant to pesticides and are useful only for a short period. In this case, the pest mutates and becomes immune to a substance, so it no longer affects it calls for the use of another pesticides.

A

Pesticides resistance

168
Q

Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that pesticides stay in the environment for long, accumulates in the good chain, and animals at the top like humans have a greater chance of toxicity due to pesticides’ build-up in their system.

A

Persistence or accumulation in the environment (biomagnification)

169
Q

Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that pesticides stay in the environment for long, accumulates in the good chain, and animals at the top like humans have a greater chance of toxicity due to pesticides’ build-up in their system.

A

Persistence or accumulation in the environment (biomagnification)

170
Q

Title of lesson 4.1

A

Chemical control methods in pest management

Crop Protection (4 decks)

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