L4.1: Chemical Control Methods in Pest Management Flashcards
Chemical control is generally called as ______________
Pesticides
Is a toxic chemical substance or a mixture of substances or biological agents intentionally released into the environment to control and destroy pests.
Pesticide
Pesticides are either: ________
Chemical substance (chemical pesticide)
Biological agent or microbial agents (biopesticides)
Antimicrobial agent/compounds
Botanical compounds
Synthetic pyrethroids
Type of pesticides that could be synthetic organic compounds.
Chemical substance
Example of Organic Compounds in chemical substances?
Organochlorines, organophosphorus, and carbamates.
Living organisms that are used in biological agents or microbial agents for insect control?
Bacillus thuringiensis(Aztron or thuricide)
Baculovirus
Pesticides that are used to disinfect seeds and postharvest products.
Antimicrobial agent/compounds
Types of botanical compounds?
Pyrethrins
Nicotine
Rotenone
Types of botanical compounds such as pyrethrins come from ?
Chrysanthemum
Types of botanical compounds such as nicotine come from ?
Tobacco
Types of botanical compounds such as rotenone come from ?
Derris
This is synthesized from petroleum-based chemicals.
Synthetic pyrethroids, nicotinoids, and rotenoids.
What are the pesticides classification?
- Target organism ( the pest they control)
- Sources of origin
- Toxicity
- Chemical structure
- mode of action( the way they control the pest)
- Selectivity
- Physical state or formulation
- Mode of entry
It kill insects and other arthropods.
Insecticides
It kills fungi ( including blights, mildews, molds, and rusts).
Fungicides
It kills bacteria or acts against bacteria.
Bactericides
It kills weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted.
Herbicides
It kills or controls growth of algae
Algaecides
It repels pests by its taste or smell.
Repellents
It Act in plants by driving their tissues
Desiccants
Inhibits the growth of eggs of insects and mites
Ovicides
It kills birds
Avicides
Stop any damage to cloths by moth larvae or molds.
Moth balls
It target larvae of lampreys which are jawless fish like vertebrates in the river.
Lampricides
It Act against fishes
Piscicides
It acts against woody vegetation
Silvicides
Derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, and microorganisms( bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes).
Biological or biopesticides
Most host-specific, less toxic to non-target organisms, and environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides.
Biological or biopesticides
Three groups of biological or biopesticides
- microbial pesticides
- botanical pesticides
- biochemical pesticides
It could be the microorganism itself or a toxin, or any products from microorganisms.
Microbial pesticides
Bacillus thuringiensis products?
Dipel
Thuricide
Aztron
Organic pesticides that are derived from plants?
Botanical pesticides
Types of botanical pesticides that are refined 6 esters obtained from pyretrum, extracted from Chrysanthemum ( Tanacetum ( genus))
Pyrethrins
Types of botanical pesticides that are synthetic compounds produce to mimic the effects of the pyrethrins esters.
Pyrethroids
Other synthetic copied from botanical?
-Rotenoids and nicotinoids
-Sabadilla
-Azadiractin
-Ryania
Imidacloprid ( Confidor or Winner)
Thiamethoxam (Acatara)
Synthetic forms of rotenone and nicotine
Plant that contain rotenone extract?
Derris elliptica (tubli)
It caused convulsion and death of insects.
Rotenone
Plants that contain necotine extract that are the source of the copied synthetic chemical nicotinoid a contact poison that affects the nerves causing death.
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
-It contact and stomach poison
-It affects the nerves causing death of caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips, stink bugs, and squash bugs attacking vegetables.
Sabadilla
Sabadilla is from what plants?
Schoenocaulon officinale (Liliaceae)
Products of sabadilla?
Veratran D
It obtain from neem tree (Azadiracta indica)
Azadiractin
Products of azadiractin?
Neemcure, Azatin, and Azadin
It obtain from the roots and stems of Ryania speciosa (Flacourtiaceae)
Ryania
A naturally occurring organic compound that contains nitrogen and is found in plants and some fungi.
Alkaloid
This alkaloid is useful as a contact or stomach poison and directly prevents muscles from contracting, causing paralysis.
Ryania
IGRs means?
Insect deterrents or repellents and insect growth regulators (IGRs)
Is mimic hormones in young insects and disrupt their growth and reproduction or affects metamorphosis, causing malformations, sterility, and death.
IGRs
A pesticides that has natural materials with nontoxic mechanism to control pests.
Biochemical pesticides
Insect sex pheromones are example of what pesticides?
Biochemical pesticides
Pesticide classification that is usually expressed in LD50 (median Lethal Dose) that produces death in 50% of exposed animals and LC50 ( 50% lethal concentration)
Based on toxicity
What toxicity level is Class IV
Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
What toxicity level is Class lll
Slightly hazardous
What WHO class does toxicity level extremely hazardous
Class la
What toxicity level does class Ib
Highly hazardous
Color red pesticides classification means ?
Poison
It indicates color blue pesticides classification.
Danger
Indicates color green pesticides classification.
Caution
Natural insecticides And Synthetic insecticides are example of _______
Chemical structure/composition
It is either plant-based or from mineral oils.
Natural insecticides
These are also either inorganic or organic in origin but most are of organic origin.
Synthetic insecticides
What are the categories of organic insecticides?
- Organochlorines
- Organophosphate
- Carbamates
- Pyrethroids
The most common and useful method of classifying pesticides.
Based on their chemical composition and nature of Active ingredient (AI).
What are the types of plant based insecticides.
- Pyrethrum
- Azadiractin
Types of natural insecticides?
-Plant based
-Mineral oils
Types of organic insecticides?
Organochlorines
Organophosphate
Carbamates
Pyrethroids
Types of synthetic insecticides?
Inorganic
Organic
What are the types of insecticides?
-Natural
-Synthetic
Types of organochlorines?
-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltricholoethane
-BHC (benzene hexachloride)
Types of organochlorines?
-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltricholoethane
-BHC (benzene hexachloride)
Types of organophosphate
Malathion
Temephos
Fenthion
Dichlorvos
Fenitrothion
Pirimiphos methyl
Types of carbamates?
Propoxur
Bendiocarb
Carbaryl
Types of pyrethroids?
Deltamethrin
Cyfluthrin
Bifenthrin
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Permethrin
Also known as chlorinated hydrocarbons?
Organochlorines
-They were extensively used in the 1940’s through 1960.
-Some were banned in advanced countries like in the US because of persistence or long-term residual effect in the environment.
Organochlorines
Are derivatives of phosphoric acid are formulated either as:
- a stomach poison,
- contact poison
- fumigant poison leading to nerve poison
Organophosphate or organophosphorus pesticides
These pesticides are biodegradable, causing minimum environmental pollution but are potentially toxic to various non-target species affecting the nervous impulses leading to paralysis and death.
Organophosphate or organophosphorus pesticides
-Similar to organophosphate but are derived from carbamic acid while organophosphate from phosphoric acid.
-Used as stomach and contact poison and affect the nerves resulting in death. Sometimes, they are used as a fumigant.
Carbamates
-They can be easily degraded in the natural environment with minimum environmental pollution.
- Examples are Carbaryl (Sevin), carbofuran (Furadan), and propoxur (one of Baygon products).
Carbamates
-Are highly toxic to insects and fish but slightly toxic to mammals and birds.
-Most are non-persistent and got broken easily on exposure to light and considered to the safest insecticides for use.
Synthetic pyrethroids
Synthesized by duplicating the structure of natural pyrethrins. Relatively more stable with more prolonged residual effects.
Eg. Allethrin and Permethrin
Synthetic pyrethroids
Physical poison : heavy mineral oils and inert dust
Arsenicals:
Protoplasmic
Heavy metals: Hg and acids
Respiratory poison:
Hydrogen cyanide, rotenone, dinitrophenols
Organophosphate (Malathion): nerve poison
Chitin synthesis inhibitors:
diflubenzuron
heavy metals: Hg and Acids
Stomach poison:
Bt formulation
It kills a wide range of pests and other non-target organisms.
Broad-spectrum pesticides
Broad-spectrum insecticide : Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
Glyphosate (Roundup):
Broad-spectrum herbicide
It kill only a specific or group of pests leaving other organisms unaffected or with little effect.
Selective or narrow- spectrum pesticides
What is the target insects of Pirimicarb
Aphids
Selective insecticide : Pirimicarb
Selective herbicide:
2,4-D
It affects broad-leaved plants leaving the grassy crops unaffected
2,4-D
Pesticides formulation are a mixture of chemicals that aimed to control target pests.
Active ingredient (AI)
Pesticide formulations are mixture of materials added to the a.i to make the pesticides safer, more effective, and easier to measure, mix, and apply or store longer to increase shelf life ( water, petroleum solvent, wetting agents, spreaders, stickers, and extenders).
Inert ingredients
Three main types of formulation?
-Solid
-Liquid
-Gas
The active ingredient is mixed with inert clays to form particles of various sizes.
Granules
These are prepared for direct application and require specialized dispersal equipment, scattered by hand or small hand-cranked units.
Granular formulations
Are finely ground mixtures of the active ingredient and an inert carrier such as clay, talc, silica gel, pyrophyllite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, hydrated lime, or kaolin.
Dust formulations
They are intended for direct application without further mixing.
Dust formulations
Granules : solid formulation
Dust formulations :
Solid formulation
Miscellaneous formulation:
Baits : miscellaneous formulation
Ultra-low volume concentrates (ULV)
Ate in their original liquid form dissolved in a small amount of solvent.
Ultra-low volume concentrates (ULV)
These concentrates may approach 100% active ingredients.
Ultra-low volume concentrates (ULV)
The active ingredients are mixed with pest food or attractant.
Baits
Based on Mode of Entry pesticides are classified as the following:
Systematic pesticides
Non-systemic or contact poisons,
Stomach poisons
Fumigants and repellents
It absorbed by plants or animal hosts and transfer to untreated tissues.
Systematic pesticides
It penetrate plant tissues and move through the vascular system killing weeds with partial spray coverage.
Systematic pesticides
Must come into physical contact with the pest to be effective. Upon contact, the pesticide enters the body of pests via their epidermis and causes death by poisoning.
Contact pesticides
Paraquat and diquat are examples of what pesticides?
Contact pesticides
It enters the pest’s body through their mouth and digestive system and causes death by poisoning.
Stomach poison
They are applied as sprays or dust onto the leaves and stems of plants and eaten by the target insects.
Stomach poison
Pesticides that form poisonous gases when applied. They enter through the insect spiracles and cause death by poisoning.
Fumigants
Common fumigants used to treat stored products or nursery stock.
- hydrogen cyanide
- naphthalene
- nicotine
- methyl bromide.
Soil fumigants commonly used as nematicides :
-Methyl bromide
-dichloropropane
-propylene oxide
-dibromochloropropane
-Organophosphate
- chloropicrin
Do not kill but are distasteful enough to keep pests away from treated areas/commodities. They also interfere with pest’s ability to locate crop.
Repellents
Pyrethrin, Bifenthrin, and Talstar P are examples of?
Repellents
-Chemicals used for destroying unwanted vegetation or weeds.
Herbicides
Herbicides are classified based on:
- Translocation
- Timing of application
- Method of application
- Specificity
-extensively translocated in the plant through the vascular system and water, nutrients, and other materials from absorption to action sites.
Systemic herbicides (translocated)
Kill only the portion of plant tissue in contact; therefore, it must be applied uniformly to effective. These are comparatively fast-acting herbicides.
Non-systemic herbicides (contact)
Two types of herbicides based on translocation.
Systemic herbicides (translocated)
Non-systemic herbicides (contact)
Types of herbicides based on time of application.
Preplant herbicides
Pre-emergence herbicides
Post-emergence herbicides
Are non-selective herbicides applied to the soil before planting.
Preplant herbicides
Are applied before the weed seedlings emerge through the soil surface.
Pre-emergence herbicides
Are applied after the weed seedlings have emerged through the soil surface. Must not be made when there is rain making them ineffective.
Post-emergence herbicides
Types of herbicides based on method of application.
Soil herbicides
Foliar herbicides
Herbicides that are applied to the soil and are used as pre-plant or pre-emergence treatment.
Soil herbicides
Types of herbicides that are on the hand, are generally post-emergence and can either be translocated (systemic) throughout the plant or at a specific site.
Foliar herbicides
Types herbicides based on specificity:
Selective herbicides
Non-selective herbicides
It control or suppress individual plants without affecting the growth of other species.
Selective herbicide
It control broadleaf weeds but remains ineffective against grasses.
2,4-D, mecoprop, dicamba
It kill all kinds of weeds.
Non-selective herbicides
Are chemicals or biological agents that kill or inhibit fungi, including the fungal-like organisms like the Oocytes
Fungicides
Chemicals that inhibit but do not kill fungi (only inhibit its growth, sporulation, or spore germination)
Fungistats
Chemicals that inhibit but do not kill fungi (only inhibit its growth, sporulation, or spore germination)
Fungistats
Fungicides are classified based on:
- Origin
- Mode of Action
- Their general uses
A fungicides that contain living organisms (bacteria, fungi) that are antagonistic to plant pathogens.
Bio-fungicides
Eco guard: Bacillus licheniformis
Trichoderma harzianum:
Bio-Trek 22G
A bio-organic fungicide in the Philippines.
Serenade
The active ingredient of Serenade the bio-organic fungicide in the Philippines.
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 as the active ingredient
The fungicides that are synthesized from organic and inorganic.
Chemical fungicides
Types of fungicides based on the mode of action.
1.Protectant
2. Therapeutants
3. Eradicant
Fungicides that are effective only when applied before the fungal infection occurs.
Protectants
Fungicides that can eradicate a fungus after it has caused the infection and curing the plant.
Therapeutants
Type of therapeutants that are systemic in their action and effect the deep-seated infection.
Chemotherapeutant
The fungicides remove pathogenic fungi from the site of infection.
Eradicant
These chemicals eradicate the host’s dormant or active pathogen. They remain useful on or in the host for some time.
Organic mercurials, lime sulfur, and iodine
What are the classification of fungicides based on their general uses:
1.Seed protectants
2. Soil fungicides
3. Foliage and blossom fungicides
4. Tree wound dresser
One of their examples is captan,thiram, organomercuries, carbendazim, and carboxin.
Seed protectants
The one that applied to the soil. They are used as a pre-plant treatment, e.g., Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, chloropicrin, Formaldehyde, and Vape.
Soil fungicides
A fungicides that one of their example is Captan, ferbam, zineb, protectants mancozeb, and chlorothalonil.
Foliage and blossom fungicides
Fungicides that are one of their examples is Bordeaux mixture, while antibiotic, example are cystidine, griseofulvin, streptomycin.
Tree wound dresser
Are pesticides that kill rodents that include rats and mice, and squirrels.
Rodenticides
Rodenticides is usually formulated as _____ , designed to attract animals.
Baits
It has flavorings added that may be attractive to children and pets, so they should never be used or stored within their reach of children.
Rodenticides
What are the classification of rodenticides based on Mode of action?
- Acute poison
- Chronic Rodenticides (Anticoagulant)
Examples of chronic Rodenticides Anticoagulant?
Zinc phosphate and Racumin
These are pesticides against mollusks, They are also known as snail baits, snail pellets, or slug pellets, which damage crops or other valued plants by feeding on them.
Molluscicides
True or false.
Molluscides are not included the Metal salts such as iron (lll) phosphate, aluminum sulfate, and ferric sodium EDTA, which are relatively nontoxic and used in organic gardening.
False, it include
These are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, highly toxic to other animals and humans, also acts as a contact poison.
Metaldehyde
Methiocarb
True or false.
Advantages of Chemical pesticides are relatively high cost.
False. Low cost
True or false.
Advantages of Chemical pesticides are Easy to apply and fast acting lively effect.
False. Knockdown effect
True or false.
Advantages of Chemical pesticides are Readily available in the market and unlimited damage is done to crops if applied at the right concentration.
False. Limited
True or false.
The disadvantages of chemical pesticides are effect on non-target organisms and pest resurgence - rapid reappearance of a pest population in injurious members, usually brought about after applying a broad-spectrum pesticides that has killed the natural enemies that normally keep a pest in check
True
What are the disadvantages of chemical pesticides?
-Effect on non-target organism
-Pest resurgence
-Pesticides resistance
-Persistence or accumulation in the environment (biomagnification)
Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that rapid reappearance of a pest population in injurious numbers, usually brought about after applying a broad-spectrum pesticides that has killed the natural enemies that normally keep a pest in check.
Pest resurgence
Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that pests become resistant to pesticides and are useful only for a short period. In this case, the pest mutates and becomes immune to a substance, so it no longer affects it calls for the use of another pesticides.
Pesticides resistance
Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that pesticides stay in the environment for long, accumulates in the good chain, and animals at the top like humans have a greater chance of toxicity due to pesticides’ build-up in their system.
Persistence or accumulation in the environment (biomagnification)
Disadvantages of chemical pesticides that pesticides stay in the environment for long, accumulates in the good chain, and animals at the top like humans have a greater chance of toxicity due to pesticides’ build-up in their system.
Persistence or accumulation in the environment (biomagnification)
Title of lesson 4.1
Chemical control methods in pest management
