L41-42: Translation and Protein Processing I-II Flashcards
Describe and contrast the composition of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes
1.) Eukaryotic - small subunit = 40 S - large subunit = 60 S - assembled size = 80 S * Mitochondrial: small = 30-35S, large = 40-45S, total = 55S 2.) Prokaryotic - small subunit = 30 S - large subunit = 50 S - assembled size = 70 S
Name ribosome sites
- E: exit site - P: peptidyl site - A: acceptor site
Describe the progression of ribosome assembly
1.) GTP binds eIF2a 2.) GTP:eIF2a becomes bound to Met-tRNA to form ternary complex 3.) 40S:eIF3 binds ternary complex (with eIF1 and eIF1alpha) 4.) mRNA now binds small subunit and pre-initiation complex is formed (with aid of eIF-4a, eIF-4b, eIF-4f, eIF-5 and PAB) 5.) eIF-5b:GTP are added to this complex displacing hydrolyzed GDP:eIF2a and 60 S subunit is recruited and positioned with met-tRNA in P site. Elongation can now ensue
Describe elongation and termination of translation
1.) EF-1-GTP charges tRNA molecule (EF1-GDP = product). AA-tRNA moves into A site 2.) Peptide bond formation occurs 3.) EF-2-GTP hydrolysis allows ribosomal complex to move one codon down with mRNA-peptidyl-complex now occupying the P site and the A site is empty. Uncharged tRNA leaves through E site 4.) Ribosome is now ready to repeat the cycle 5.) Once the stop codon is moved into the A site, eRF bound to GTP is hydrolyzed and the ribosomal complex dissociates
Names of 70S ribosome inhibitors
- Streptomycin - Neomycin - Gentamicin - Tetracycline - Chloramphenicol
Action of streptomycin
- 70 S ribosome inhibitor - Specifically binds to small subunit (30 S) and inhibits initiation and causes mistranslation of codons
Action of neomycin
- 70 S ribosome inhibitor - Specifically causes mistranslation of codons
Action of gentamicin
- 70 S ribosome inhibitor - Specifically causes mistranslation of codons
Action of tetracycline
- 70 S ribosome inhibitor - Specifically blocks A site and prevents tRNA binding
Action of chloramphenicol
- 70 S ribosome inhibitor - Specifically prevents peptidyl bond formation
Action of ricin
- potent ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) found in castor beans - it removes adenine bases from rRNA
Action of diphtheria toxin
- protein produced by C. diphtheriae that inactivates EF-2 by ADP ribosylation, preventing elongation
Explain the regulation of translation
- Points of regulation are at 1.) recognition of start codon and 2.) activity of initiation factors 1.) Recognition of start codon: bind of regulatory protein in 5’ UTR can mask start codon 2.) eIF-2a can be inactivated by phosphorylation
Role of chaperones. Example
- Proteins emerging from ribosome need to fold correctly - Folding is aided by chaperones – example = Hsp 90. Hsp90 binds ATP and misfolded proteins, loosens up protein and gives it another chance to fold correctly - These are important for survival of stress – heat shock
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
- Congenital chaperone defects cause protein folding disorder