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L4: Rumen/Gut microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of rumen flora

A

is a large fermentation vat where the cellulose is degraded under strictly anaerobic conditions and this process leads to massive production of low-molecular- weight fatty acids which serve as the primary energy source for the animal

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2
Q

What are the 4 roles of gut flora in the host

A

1) fermenation
2) synthesizing vitamins B and K
3) metabolizing energy sources, bile acids, and steroids (cholesterols)
4) PROTECTION ** main role

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3
Q

Entrobacteriaceae are gram?

A

negative

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4
Q

ENTROBACTERIACEAE shape?

A

straight rods/bacilli

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5
Q

Entrobacteriaceae optional extras (flagella, capsules, spore-forming)?

A
  • Motile by flagella or non-motile
  • Non-sporulating
  • May have capsules
  • Pilli
  • oxidase negative
  • ferment glucose
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6
Q

What does not damage cell integrity and is secreted in the intestinal lumen and absorbed into epithelial cells which can cause severe fluid loss?

A

Cytotonic Enterotoxin

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7
Q

which bacterial toxin is the cell wall of Gram negatives and has Lipid A which has the most biological activity?

A

Endotoxin

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8
Q

Are Enterobacteriaceae anaerobes or aerobes?

A

facultative anaerobes

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9
Q

Enterobacteriaceae grow well at what temperature?

A

37 degrees C

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Enterobacteriaceae is susceptible to all classes of chemical disinfectants

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Enterobacteriaceae are fairly _____ to drying?

A

resistant!

so they survive well in most environments and water

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12
Q

What damages cell integrity and damages vascular endothelium resulting in edema, hemorrhage, and thrombosis?

A

cytotoxic Enterotoxin

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13
Q

What stimulates macrophages, induces cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin?

A

Endotoxin-Lipid A

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14
Q

What results in fever, decrease in WBC’s, disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

Endotoxin-Lipid A

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15
Q

What has O antigens that are pathogen specific and serum antibodies?

A

Endotoxin

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16
Q

Name the Genus Escherichia coli diseases:

A
  • Calf ETEC diarrhoea
  • Coliform mastitis
  • Urinary tract infections
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17
Q

Name the Genus Escherichia coli diseases:

A
  • Calf ETEC diarrhea
  • Coliform mastitis
  • Urinary tract infections
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18
Q

What is Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A
  • Watery diarrhoea (yellow scours)

- Disease observed in the first 5 days of life

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19
Q

What E. coli disease is caused by K99 E. coli as a result of immature gastric pH allowing the passage of K99 strains?

A

Calf ETEC diarrhea

20
Q

What E. coli disease has fetal enterocytes that have receptors for K99 fimbrial antigen which are rapidly replaced by 2 weeks of age?

A

Calf ETEC diarrhea

21
Q

What E. coli disease happens because of an immature competitive flora?

A

Calf ETEC diarrhea

22
Q

How do you diagnosis Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A

Fecal material or tissue sample at post mortem

OR lab tests

23
Q

What lab test can be used to diagnosis Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A

-Gram stain which oxidizes negative

24
Q

Treatment of Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A
  • Isolation of sick calves
  • Rehydration (oral and IV as needed)
  • antibiotics? LPS release making it worse though?
25
Prevention of Calf ETEC diarrhea?
1) VISER 2) Vaccines for Dam 3) adequate colostrum --high grade thats as concentrated as possible
26
is a serious problem where cows are confined indoors or where wintering or feed pads are used, especially for lactating cows
Coliform mastitis
27
What E. coli disease is rapid in onset and an acute systemic illness?
Coliform mastitis
28
When do you see Coliform mastitis?
Most common in period around calving and during dry off (incomplete teat plug)
29
What symptoms are seen in Coliform mastitis?
Swelling of the udder, watery milk with small flakes, decreased milk production, fever, anorexia, AND endotoxemia
30
How do you diagnose Coliform mastitis?
1) Clinical signs (Mastitis score +3) 2) Culture of coliforms from milk from infected 1⁄4 3) Somatic cell count (14-25,000,000 cells/ml)
31
Treatment of Coliform mastitis?
- Broad-spectrum intravenous antimicrobials - Anti-inflammatory and fluid therapy - Striping infected quarter several times a day
32
Prevention of Coliform mastitis?
- Improve environment (dry and clean) - Dry cow therapy and teat sealants - Vaccination available but not commonly used in NZ
33
What E. coli typically results from normal skin and GI tract flora ascending the urinary tract?
UTI
34
What E. coli is the most common infectious disease of dogs, affecting 14% of all dogs during their lifetime.
UTI
35
is the single most common pathogen in both acute and recurrent UTIs
Escherichia coli
36
How do you confirm organism?
urine culture
37
TRUE OR FALSE: Are there antibiotic sensitivities on recurrent UTI?
True but broad spectrum antibiotics are used less otherwise indicated
38
What are the three Genus Salmonella diseases?
- Diarrhea - Abortions - Septicemia
39
What disease from genus salmonella produces foul-smelling, watery feces, death may result from dehydration and electrolyte loss (***ALSO CALLED ENTERITIS)
Diarrhea
40
What disease from genus salmonella occurs in pregnant animals that develop septicaemia; however, certain serovars cause abortion more commonly than others
Abortion
41
What disease from genus salmonella produces fever, inappetence and depression. Paracute disease results in rapid death of the affected animal.
Septicemia
42
What age does calf diarrhea occur?
2-6 weeks of age
43
a major cause of abortions and ewe mortality in South Island in 2001. It is still a major problem; zoonotic.
S. Brandenburg abortions
44
What disease might become an important international trade issue for NZ?
S. Brandenburg abortions
45
Diagnosis of genus salmonella diseases:
- fecal material or tissue at post mortem | - lab tests
46
What is VISER?
- Increase the specific immunity by Vaccination of the dam and the newborn animal. - Isolation of sick or carrier animals. - Reducing Stress on animals. - Eliminating sources of infection - Reduce the degree of exposure to faecal contamination of feed and water troughs.
47
Management of genus salmonella diseases?
- VISER 1) vaccine 2) isolate 3) reduce stress 4) eliminate sources of infection 5) reduce exposure of fecal contamination

Bacteriology (4 decks)

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