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Bacteriology > L4: Rumen/Gut microbiome > Flashcards

L4: Rumen/Gut microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of rumen flora

A

is a large fermentation vat where the cellulose is degraded under strictly anaerobic conditions and this process leads to massive production of low-molecular- weight fatty acids which serve as the primary energy source for the animal

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2
Q

What are the 4 roles of gut flora in the host

A

1) fermenation
2) synthesizing vitamins B and K
3) metabolizing energy sources, bile acids, and steroids (cholesterols)
4) PROTECTION ** main role

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3
Q

Entrobacteriaceae are gram?

A

negative

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4
Q

ENTROBACTERIACEAE shape?

A

straight rods/bacilli

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5
Q

Entrobacteriaceae optional extras (flagella, capsules, spore-forming)?

A
  • Motile by flagella or non-motile
  • Non-sporulating
  • May have capsules
  • Pilli
  • oxidase negative
  • ferment glucose
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6
Q

What does not damage cell integrity and is secreted in the intestinal lumen and absorbed into epithelial cells which can cause severe fluid loss?

A

Cytotonic Enterotoxin

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7
Q

which bacterial toxin is the cell wall of Gram negatives and has Lipid A which has the most biological activity?

A

Endotoxin

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8
Q

Are Enterobacteriaceae anaerobes or aerobes?

A

facultative anaerobes

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9
Q

Enterobacteriaceae grow well at what temperature?

A

37 degrees C

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Enterobacteriaceae is susceptible to all classes of chemical disinfectants

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Enterobacteriaceae are fairly _____ to drying?

A

resistant!

so they survive well in most environments and water

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12
Q

What damages cell integrity and damages vascular endothelium resulting in edema, hemorrhage, and thrombosis?

A

cytotoxic Enterotoxin

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13
Q

What stimulates macrophages, induces cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin?

A

Endotoxin-Lipid A

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14
Q

What results in fever, decrease in WBC’s, disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

Endotoxin-Lipid A

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15
Q

What has O antigens that are pathogen specific and serum antibodies?

A

Endotoxin

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16
Q

Name the Genus Escherichia coli diseases:

A
  • Calf ETEC diarrhoea
  • Coliform mastitis
  • Urinary tract infections
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17
Q

Name the Genus Escherichia coli diseases:

A
  • Calf ETEC diarrhea
  • Coliform mastitis
  • Urinary tract infections
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18
Q

What is Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A
  • Watery diarrhoea (yellow scours)

- Disease observed in the first 5 days of life

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19
Q

What E. coli disease is caused by K99 E. coli as a result of immature gastric pH allowing the passage of K99 strains?

A

Calf ETEC diarrhea

20
Q

What E. coli disease has fetal enterocytes that have receptors for K99 fimbrial antigen which are rapidly replaced by 2 weeks of age?

A

Calf ETEC diarrhea

21
Q

What E. coli disease happens because of an immature competitive flora?

A

Calf ETEC diarrhea

22
Q

How do you diagnosis Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A

Fecal material or tissue sample at post mortem

OR lab tests

23
Q

What lab test can be used to diagnosis Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A

-Gram stain which oxidizes negative

24
Q

Treatment of Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A
  • Isolation of sick calves
  • Rehydration (oral and IV as needed)
  • antibiotics? LPS release making it worse though?
25
Q

Prevention of Calf ETEC diarrhea?

A

1) VISER
2) Vaccines for Dam
3) adequate colostrum –high grade thats as concentrated as possible

26
Q

is a serious problem where cows are confined indoors or where wintering or feed pads are used, especially for lactating cows

A

Coliform mastitis

27
Q

What E. coli disease is rapid in onset and an acute systemic illness?

A

Coliform mastitis

28
Q

When do you see Coliform mastitis?

A

Most common in period around calving and during dry off (incomplete teat plug)

29
Q

What symptoms are seen in Coliform mastitis?

A

Swelling of the udder, watery milk with small flakes, decreased milk production, fever, anorexia, AND endotoxemia

30
Q

How do you diagnose Coliform mastitis?

A

1) Clinical signs (Mastitis score +3)
2) Culture of coliforms from milk from infected 1⁄4
3) Somatic cell count (14-25,000,000 cells/ml)

31
Q

Treatment of Coliform mastitis?

A
  • Broad-spectrum intravenous antimicrobials
  • Anti-inflammatory and fluid therapy
  • Striping infected quarter several times a day
32
Q

Prevention of Coliform mastitis?

A
  • Improve environment (dry and clean)
  • Dry cow therapy and teat sealants
  • Vaccination available but not commonly used in NZ
33
Q

What E. coli typically results from normal skin and GI tract flora ascending the urinary tract?

A

UTI

34
Q

What E. coli is the most common infectious disease of dogs, affecting 14% of all dogs during their lifetime.

A

UTI

35
Q

is the single most common pathogen in both acute and recurrent UTIs

A

Escherichia coli

36
Q

How do you confirm organism?

A

urine culture

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Are there antibiotic sensitivities on recurrent UTI?

A

True but broad spectrum antibiotics are used less otherwise indicated

38
Q

What are the three Genus Salmonella diseases?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Abortions
  • Septicemia
39
Q

What disease from genus salmonella produces foul-smelling, watery feces, death may result from dehydration and electrolyte loss (***ALSO CALLED ENTERITIS)

A

Diarrhea

40
Q

What disease from genus salmonella occurs in pregnant animals that develop septicaemia; however, certain serovars cause abortion more commonly than others

A

Abortion

41
Q

What disease from genus salmonella produces fever, inappetence and depression.

Paracute disease results in rapid death of the affected animal.

A

Septicemia

42
Q

What age does calf diarrhea occur?

A

2-6 weeks of age

43
Q

a major cause of abortions and ewe mortality in South Island in 2001. It is still a major problem; zoonotic.

A

S. Brandenburg abortions

44
Q

What disease might become an important international trade issue for NZ?

A

S. Brandenburg abortions

45
Q

Diagnosis of genus salmonella diseases:

A
  • fecal material or tissue at post mortem

- lab tests

46
Q

What is VISER?

A
  • Increase the specific immunity by Vaccination of the dam and the newborn animal.
  • Isolation of sick or carrier animals.
  • Reducing Stress on animals.
  • Eliminating sources of infection
  • Reduce the degree of exposure to faecal contamination of feed and water troughs.
47
Q

Management of genus salmonella diseases?

A
  • VISER
    1) vaccine
    2) isolate
    3) reduce stress
    4) eliminate sources of infection
    5) reduce exposure of fecal contamination

Bacteriology (4 decks)

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