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Reproduction > L4 Puberty and Menopause > Flashcards

L4 Puberty and Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What signals the onset of puberty?

A

Onset of puberty signalled by the secretion of pulses of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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2
Q

Levels of Sex Hormone/Gonadotrophins Prior to Puberty?

A

Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis starts working in fetus.

  • After birth, sex hormones and gonadotrophins (FSH, LH) found in adult levels
  • Levels reduce in months after birth

Pulsatile GnRH reduces in childhood and increases in frequency and amplitude before puberty

For 2 yrs before puberty, rise in adrenal androgens => early pubic hair and spots

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3
Q

Describe the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis?

A

HPG Axis:

◦ Induces and enhances progressive ovarian and testicular sex hormone secretion

◦ Responsible for the profound biological,
morphological and psychological changes
which adolescents experience

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4
Q

Factors infleuncing onset of puberty?

A
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5
Q

____________: development of pubic and axillary hair, body odour and acne

A

Adrenarche: development of pubic and axillary hair, body odour and acne

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Age of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in girls/boys?

A
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Characteristics of FEMALE tanner stages?

A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Rising levels of plasma ______________ stimulate ovary to produce increasing amounts of oestradiol => secondary sex characteristics:

◦ ____________ growth and development

◦ ____________ growth and development

◦ _____________redistribution (hips,breasts)

◦ ______________ Maturation

A

Rising levels of plasma gonadotrophins (FSH/LH) stimulate the ovary to produce increasing amounts of oestradiol => secondary sex characteristics:

◦ Breast growth and development

◦ Reproductive organ growth and development

◦ Fat redistribution (hips,breasts)

◦ Bone Maturation

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12
Q

Ovarian development

Prepuberty volume: _________

> ________ indicates puberty has begun

During puberty rapid increase in size => Mean post-pubertal volume _________

A

Ovarian development

Prepuberty volume: 0.3- 0.9 cm3

> 1.0 cm3 indicates puberty has begun

During puberty rapid increase in size => Mean post-pubertal volume 4 cm3

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13
Q

First ovulation occurs_________ mths after
menarche

A

First ovulation occurs 6-9 mths after
menarche

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14
Q

Plasma ____________ remains at low levels even if secondary sexual characteristics have appeared but levels rise after ovulation

A

Plasma progesterone remains at low levels even if secondary sexual characteristics have appeared but levels rise after ovulation

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15
Q
A
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16
Q
A
17
Q
A
18
Q

Characteristics of MALE tanner stages?

A
19
Q

First signs of puberty in MALES?

A

◦ Testicular volume of 4mls

◦ Slight progressive increase in scrotal folds

◦ Slight increase in scrotal pigmentation

20
Q

How is Final Height Determined?

For Females how long after Menaarche is this achieved?

A
21
Q

Hypogonadotrophic Causes of Delayed Puberty?

A
22
Q

Hypergonadotrophic Causes of Delayed Puberty?

A
23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q

Gonadotrophin dependant casues of Precocious Puberty?

A
26
Q

Gonadotrophin independant casues of Precocious Puberty?

A
27
Q
A
28
Q

Classification of premature Menopause?

A

Menopause that occurs in women at or under 40 years old.

29
Q

What is Premature Ovarian Failure?

A

Hypogonadotropic amenorrhea ≥ 40 years old

Can be transient (eg, from over exercising, eating disorders, high stress levels. not the same as premature menopause

Can be permanent (eg, from autoimmune disease or genetic abnormalities) and equivalent to premature menopause

Is not the same as premature menopause

30
Q

Complicating factors of premature or induced menopause?

A

Early loss of fertility

More severe symptoms

Greater risk of osteoporosis and CVD

Little research regarding benefits/risks of treatment

31
Q
A
32
Q
A
33
Q
A
34
Q

Fertility wanes starting at about age ______, before perimenopause signs occur

By age ______, risk of spontaneous miscarriage increases to 50%

A

Fertility wanes starting at about age 37, before perimenopause signs occur

By age 45, risk of spontaneous miscarriage increases to 50%

35
Q
A
36
Q

How to Confirm Menopause?

A
37
Q

Drugs to treat Hot Flashes?

A

Tamoxifen, raloxifene

Reproduction (6 decks)

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