L4: microbiology of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

how does cholera work

A

causes an increase in cyclic AMP increasing the secretion of water, calcium, sodium and bicarbonates

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2
Q

mechanism for non-inflammatory pathogens

A

enterotoxins/ mucosal adherence

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3
Q

e.g of three bacteria causing non-inflammatory infections

A

vibrio cholerae
bacillus cereus
enterotoxigenic E.coli

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4
Q

where does cholera work

A

proximal small bowel

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5
Q

mechanism for inflammatory GI infection

A

invasion of mucosa/ production of cytotoxins

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6
Q

where do salmonella and shigella act

A

colon

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7
Q

where does listeria, yersinia and salmonella typhi act

A

distal small bowel

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8
Q

how do penetrating GI infections work

A

inducing phagocytosis

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9
Q

name 4 GI host defences

A

gastric
bile salts
peristalsis
mucus

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10
Q

4 benefits of colonisation resistance

A
  • occupy space
  • production of antibiotic like substances
  • remove toxins
  • release energy from carbohydrates
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11
Q

where is most GI flora

A

colon

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12
Q

what percentage of stool is bacteria

A

40-60%

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13
Q

what symptoms can overgrowth of bacteria lead to in GI tract (6)

A
diarrhoea 
bloating 
abdo pain 
flatulence 
weight loss 
steratorrhoea
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14
Q

diagnostic test for bacterial overgrowth

A

hydrogen breath test

increase in total flora

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15
Q

treatment of bacterial overgrowth

A

rifaxamin
correct underlying condition
nutritional supplements

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16
Q

what signs can bacterial overgrowth syndrome cause (3)

A
  • malabsorption
  • deficiency of fat soluble vitamines
  • macrocytic anaemia
17
Q

prebiotics=

A

chemicals that alter the microbiome

18
Q

probiotics=

A

microorganism for prevention of infection

19
Q

what happens when gastroenteritis is treated with antibiotics

A

make E.coli worse
cause diarrhoea
rarely help

20
Q

viral causes of gastroenteritis

A

rotavirus
norovirus
adenovirus
astrovirus

21
Q

most common viral causes of gastroenteritis in children

A

rotavirus

22
Q

e.g 4 of bacterial causes of gastroenteritis

A

campylobacter jejuni
E.coli
salmonella
Shigella

23
Q

e.g of parasitic causes of gastroenteritis

A

giardia lamblia
entamoeba histolytica
cryptosporidium spp

24
Q

what type of infection most commonly causes gastroenteritis

A

viral

25
Q

causes of C.diff

A

mild diarrhoea
perforation
toxic megacolon

26
Q

symptoms of C.diff

A

malnutrition
fever
no vomiting
not bloody

27
Q

4 C that cause C.Diff

A

clindamycin
Cephalosporins
Ciprofloxacin
co-amoxiclav

28
Q

diagnosis of c.diff

A

toxin detection

29
Q

why doesn’t a stool sample establish c.diff

A

as many elderly are asymptomatic carriers

30
Q

management of C.diff

A
stop antibiotics 
isolate patient 
specific c.diff antimicrobials 
probiotics 
faecal flora transplant
31
Q

what are specific anti-c.diff antimicrobials

A

oral metroindazole
oral vancomycin
oral fidaxomicin

32
Q

4 inflammatory bacteria in GI tract

A

shigella
salmonella
campylobacter
enterohaemorrhagic/ enteroinvassive E.coli

33
Q

3 penetrating bacteria in GI tract

A

salmonella typhi
yersina enterocolitica
listeria monocytogenes