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MAPD 1 > L4: Interpersonal Processes > Flashcards

L4: Interpersonal Processes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the early risk factors for anxiety & mood disorders?

A
  • parenting style
  • temperament
  • life events
  • social environment
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2
Q

how does parenting behaviour relate to anxiety disorders?

A
  • link between ADs and parenting characterized by control, overprotection, lack of autonomy granting, or rejection/negativity
  • interaction effect between temperament & parenting over time (children w certain temperamental vulnerabilites may be more susceptible to the effect of overprotective parenting; anxious children may elicit increased involvement & help from their environment, which can maintain their vulnerability to anxiety)
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3
Q

what is Familial Enhancement of Avoidant Responding (FEAR)?

A

parental behaviours that support avoidant responding to threatening situations
linked to anxiety disorders in children

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4
Q

how do anxious parenting styles affect childrens anxiety & mood disorders?

A

get the messages that
- the world is dangerous & something to avoid
- that you dont have control or self efficacy, you are helpless
they also are too involved & negative
this overprotective parenting style makes ppl vulnerable to developing anxiety disorders & is associated w low self efficacy, external locus of control, and low trust in others (attachment)

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5
Q

what family environment factors beyond specific parenting behaviours contribute to the dev. of anxiety disorders?

A
  • lower cohesion
  • lower expressiveness
  • lower support
  • interparental conflict (especially witnessing unresolved, aggressive interparental conflict)
  • negative family environments
  • exposure to poverty
  • exposure to marital distress
  • exposure to family distruptions
  • traumatic events within fam (ie parental death, intrafamilial sex abuse etc)
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6
Q

how does parental modeling & transmission of threat info affect anxiety in children?

A
  • dev of fears & phobias often attributed to observation of traumatic experiences & verbal info about potential dangers from external sources (but research questionable)
  • panic attacks related to early observations of parental sick role behaviours
  • infant shyness related to sociability of mom
  • fear often learned through observation of fear in moms
  • modeling of anxious behaviour & verbal instruction of threat info can increase anxiety in offspring, especially if parents are anxious (through genetics, modlling, and transmission of threat info)
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7
Q

how can siblings and spouses impact anxiety?

A

Siblings and spouses who display behaviors like overinvolvement, lack of warmth, or anxious modeling may also significantly impact anxiety disorder development.
- family members that accomodate OCD symptoms may increase symptoms in patient & family member

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8
Q

how do life events affect childrens anxiety & mood disorders?

A

abuse, rejection, neglect & negativity in early life leads to
- seeing yourself as worthless
- insecure/avoidant attachment
- hopelessness
- problems w emotion regulation

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9
Q

define attachment

A

a deep, reciprocal, physical and emotional relationship between parent and child that is permanent. forms the basis for all future intimate and trusting relationships

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10
Q

what is the central idea of attachment theory?

A

primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant’s needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.

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11
Q

what are the 4 attachment styles in children?

A
  1. Secure attachment - greet and/or approach the caregiver and may maintain contact but able to return to play
  2. Insecure/avoidant attachment - fail to greet and/or approach, appear oblivious to their caregiver’s return and remain focused on toys, essentially avoiding the caregiver
  3. Insecure/resistant (aka anxious) attachment - are extremely distressed by the separations & cannot be soothed at reunions, essentially displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with the caregiver.
  4. Disorganised attachment - behaviour with characteristics of both types of insecure attachment. both seek an approach to the parent, while at the same time this causes stress and anxiety
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12
Q

what are the 4 adult attachment styles?

A
  1. Secure: characterized by a view of oneself as worthy of love, & positive internal working model of attachment of others
  2. Dismissive avoidant: view of oneself as competent and worthy of love, & negative internal working model of attachment of others:
  3. Fearful avoidant: doubt both their own and others’ competence and efficacy and are presumed not to seek help from others when distressed:
  4. Preoccupied anxious: doubt in one’s own competence and efficacy, & a positive internal working model of attachment of others
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13
Q

what do we need in a social environment?

A

(1) attachment: sense of security &commitment;
(2) social integration: sense of companionship, shared concerns, and activities
(3) opportunity for nurturance: sense of being needed, and of being responsible for another’s well-being
(4) reassurance of worth: sense of competence, and being valued
(5) reliable alliance: sense of continuing assistance
(6) guidance: can obtain trustworthy advice

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14
Q

what 3 needs does social behaviour fulfill?

A
  • need to belong
  • need to be safe
  • need for self actualization
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15
Q

what are our 3 motivational systems?

A
  1. Soothing system: manage distress & promote bonding
    (attachment)
  2. Threat system: threat detection & protection - “better safe than sorry” (anxiety)
  3. Drive system: to motivate us towards recourses
    (status and competition)
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16
Q

what is the social status theory?

A
  • social anxiety is defensive behaviour, reaction to perceived social status (submissive behaviour is safe, it prevents interpersonal conflict w dominant group members)
  • depression as reaction to perceived defeat (conservation of recourses “live to fight another day”)
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17
Q

what are the behaviours that cause interpersonal problems? what are some theores that explain these behaviours

A
  • negative feedback seeking
  • excessive reassurance seeking
    explained by depression interpersonal model & metaconcepts model & social status theory
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18
Q

what is stress generation model?

A

Ppl w anxiety & depression are more likely to experience stressful life events… but most are not independent

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19
Q

what are the consequences of social anxiety on interpersonal processes?

A
  • SA are judged in some situations as less friendly, relaxed and similar.
  • Interactions with SA are sometimes experienced as less easy and pleasant.
  • Interaction partners are less keen on future interactions with SA.
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20
Q

what are the consequences of depression on interpersonal processes?

A
  • often have relationship problems.
  • more likely to be judged negatively.
  • By excessively seeking affirmation, they are more likely to be rejected
    (but often not when they don’t!)
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21
Q

why is it important to study intepersonal processes in relation to anxiety & mood disorders?

A
  • genetic factors only explain around 40% of the variance in symptoms and disorders
  • crucial role in understanding why some individuals with genetic vulnerability develop ADs while others do not.
22
Q

what are the components of family influence in anxiety disorders?

A
  • parenting
  • family environment
  • parent-child attachment
  • parent modeling & transmission of threat info
  • partner & sibling relationships
23
Q

what are the components of social relationships influence in anxiety disorders?

A
  • social rejection & neglect
  • peer vicitimization
  • peers & social learning
  • partner support of inhibition
  • cultural influences
24
Q

how does social rejection & neglect relate to anxiety disorders?

A
  • fewer and worse friends
  • poorer social skills
  • difficulty identifying emotinal cues in others
  • difficulty expressing their own emotions
  • withdrawal & inhibited behaviour -> reduced social interaction skills -> peer rejection
  • anxious behaviuors may elicit negative reactions from peers -> reduced peer acceptance
  • socially anxious ppl are perceived as less warm & positive -> decreased desire for future interactions
  • peer rejection -> exacerbates anxiety (especially social)
25
Q

how does peer victimization related to anxiety disorders?

A

ex teasing & bullying
- associated w increased anxiety & depression
- more victimization in adults w social anxiety (one influences the other)

26
Q

how do peers & social learning relate to anxiety disorders?

A
  • anxious modelling in peers & nonfamilial social environments also impact ppl
  • increase in fearfiul beahviours in monkeys observing peers acting fearfully (also shown in humans, except when mother reacted positively)
  • childrens fear beliefs about a new stimulus changed when negative info was provided verbally by an adult but not by a peer
27
Q

how does partner/friends support of inhibition relate to anxiety disorders?

A
  • friendships can maintain ADs through shared goals, attitudes, & support of avoidant behaviours but lil support here
  • similar friends stick together (shy/withdrawn/anxious kids find similar ones)
  • children higher on internalizing symptoms tend to extensively & negatively discuss their problems, aka co-rumination, which could explain gender differences in internalizing symptoms
  • anxious adolescents engage in more conservative & risk avoidant activities
28
Q

how do cultural factors play a role in anxiety disorders?

A
  • eastern cultures (collectivitstic) higher levels of anxiety (but less social phobia diagnosis)
  • cultural norms may affect the diagnostic treshold of a disorder (in asia parents may be less worried about internalizing issues vs externalizing issues)
  • childhood shyness in eastern countries predicts later positive functioning in adolescence
  • ptsd rates vary across countries
  • variations in form of anxious expression (japan theres fear of social interactions for concern of causing distress to another)
29
Q

do relationships affect anxiety treatment outcome?

A
  • Expressed Emotion (EE) which includes criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement showed that higher levels of perceived criticism & negative family environments is associated w poorer treatment outcomes
  • greater fam dysfunction at pretreatment -> less treatment change (especially in OCD)
  • mixed results on spousal influence
  • parent psychopath predicts outcome in treatment of child ADs
    OVERALL YES
30
Q

how does treatment for anxiety disorders affect relationships?

A
  • positive impact in OCD, panic disorder, & social phobia
  • some studies showed persistent impairment in relationships post treatment
  • involvement of parents in anxiety treatment can reduce maternal anxiety
31
Q

what does depression lead to interpersonal distress?

A

loss of interest in social activities -> social withdrawal ->
feelings of worhtlessness/guilt -> excessive reassurance seeking -> interpersonal distress

32
Q

what are some basic behavioural features of depression?

A
  • more facial expression for sadness
  • poor eye contact
  • poor posture
  • infrequent gesturing
  • speak more slowly & quietly
  • initiate/respond to conversations less
  • are more negative in their topics of conv
    extent of these behaviours linked to severity of depression, these behaviours are part of the interpersonal characteristic of depression that affect their social relationships
33
Q

what is the role of social skill deficits in depression?

A
  • evaluate their own social skills badly
  • bad social skills
    vulnerability factor: so these bad skills only become problematic in the presence of a significant stressor
34
Q

what is interpersonal feedback seeking?

A

soliciting enhancing or self-verifying feedback from others

35
Q

what are the 2 types of feedback seeking common (and found to be risk factors) in depression?

A

1) Excessive reassurance seeking (ERS): relatively stable tendency to excessively & persistently seek assurances from others that one is lovable & worthy, regardless of whether this assurance has already been provided
2) Negative feedback seeking (NFS): tendency to actively solicit criticism & other negative interpersonal feedback from others

36
Q

what does the interpersonal theory of depression say?

A

the idea that Excessive Reassurance Seeking and Negative Feedback Seeking, common in depression, is aversive to conversational partners and can lead to interpersonal rejection, which may lead to further depressive symptoms (self-perpetuating cycles).

37
Q

what does the self verification theory say?

A
  • ppl desire interpersonal feedback that is consistent w their self-concept, even if their self-concept is negative (as in depression)
  • because it enhances their ability to predict and control their environment.
  • for those with negative self-concepts, people’s need for selfverifying feedback is so powerful that it overrides the pain of seeking and receiving negative feedback.
38
Q

why is there a need for integrative models of ERS & NFS?

A

both have been linked to interpersonal rejection
depressed ppl engage in both, which is notable cus they both have different, conflicting goals: ERS is about self enhancement, while NFS is about self verification
so models try to account for this contradiction

39
Q

what does the cognitive affective crossfire model say?

A

that the inconsistency between one’s cognitive and affective responses to self-relevant feedback -> cognitive/affective discomfort -> additional feedback-seeking to reduce the discomfort.
so 2 possibilities for those with depressive symptoms:
1) ERS: excessive reassurance is affectively pleasing because of the positive nature, but cognitively dissatisfying because it is incongruent with their negative self-views.
2) NFS: negative feedback is affectively displeasing because of the negative nature, but cognitively satisfying because it is self-verifying.
To reduce discomfort, (1) will seek further NFS, while (2) will seek ERS. This can be a self-perpetuating cycle again.

40
Q

what does the cognitive processing model say?

A

that self-enhancement & self-verification strivings require different levels of cognitive processing.
- Self-enhancement (ERS) processing: only requires determining whether the feedback is favorable or unfavorable.
- Self-verification (NFS) processing: requires determining whether the feedback is favorable or unfavorable, accessing one’s self-views, and determining whether the feedback is consistent or inconsistent with these views. Thus, it is suggested that NFS might be used more when more cognitive resources are available than when resources are limited.

41
Q

what is the limitation of the cognitive processing model & cognitive affecting crossfire model? what models solve this?

A

do not account for depressive chronicity
integrative interpersonal framework for depression
global enchancement & specific verification theory
-> both solve this

42
Q

what does the integrative interpersonal framework for depression say?

A

that a number of depression-related mechanisms (called self-propagatory processes; ERS,
NFS) actively produce a variety of interpersonal problems and stressors, which in turn are strong predictors of future depressive symptoms and/or maintenance of current episodes. Next to the selfpropagatory processes, poor social skills, insecure attachment, and sociotropy are included as more distal and trait-like interpersonal risk factors.

43
Q

what does the global enhancement & specific verification theory say?

A

that self-views vary on a continuum, from global-specific, and that individuals with depression tend to desire & seek out self-enhancing feedback about their global traits (being kind) and self-verifying feedback about their specific attributes (dancing ability). It further proposes that these tendencies interact with core beliefs to predict interpersonal stress, rejection, and depression:
* Early negative core beliefs: those with core beliefs reflecting insecurity in relationships and an overall negative belief system are more likely to engage in ERS and NFS in a persistent and aversive manner, increasing the risk of interpersonal rejection and an increase in depressive symptoms.
* Early positive core beliefs: those with core beliefs reflecting security in relationships and an overall positive belief system are likely to engage in ERS and NFS in a non-aversive manner, leading to positive relationships outcomes, feelings of security, and satisfaction.

44
Q

what are 3 interpersonal styles linked to depression?

A
  • interpersonal inhibition
  • interpersonal dependency
  • insecure attachment styles
45
Q

define interpersonal inhibition

A

interpersonal style characterized by avoidance, withdrawal, and shyness (lack of assertiveness).
may -> social skills deficits in depressed individuals because it leads them to have less practice at interacting with others.

46
Q

define interpersonal dependency

A

interpersonal style characterized by the need to associate closely with valued other people. It is
similar to sociotropy.

47
Q

define sociotropy

A

personality trait characterized by excessive need for interpersonal attachment and pleasing others, accompanied by a sense of doubt regarding the strength of relationships.

48
Q

how are insecure attachment styles related to depression?

A

attachment styles including anxious, avoidant, and fearful attachment. Individuals that are insecurely attached have a much more difficult time forming and maintaining close personal relationships. They
also tend to doubt the security of relationships, which potentially contributes to increased likelihood of engaging in interpersonal feedback seeking.
Studies have found that, having an insecure attachment style may lead to the development of
depression because of increased levels of sociotropy, dysfunctional attitudes, low self-esteem, or decreased propensity to forgive (which all mediate relationship between attachment and depression

49
Q

what are the interpersonal consequences of depression?

A

depressed individuals tend to experience problems in their interpersonal relationships. These relationships are characterized by rejection, dissatisfaction, low intimacy, and decreased activity and involvement.
& contagious depression

50
Q

define contagious depression

A

spread of depressive symptoms from one person to another.
If close others begin to notice this when they interact with the depressed individual, this may lead to further problems and even rejection.

MAPD 1 (6 decks)

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