L3: Models of Anxiety Flashcards
what is repetitive negative thinking defined as in GAD vs Depression?
GAD: worry: chain of thoughts, negatively affect-laden and relatively uncontrollable; represents an attempt to engage in mental problem solving on an issue whose outcome is uncertain but contains the possibility of one or more negative outcomes
Depression: Rumination: repetitive and passive thinking about one’s symptoms of depression and the possible causes and consequences of these symptoms
what is the difference between fear and anxiety?
fear: stress response from immediate danger
anxiety: stress response just from your thoughts
during periods of worry do we experience more “thought” or “image”?
more thought aka worry is verbal! while during relaxation theres more image
what does the meta cogntive model say?
ppl worry bcs they have the beliefs about worry (prob solving) but then they worry about worrying (negative meta beliefs) and get stuck in a loop
does worry decrease arousal?
no! just avoids contrast between 2 mental states
what are the key maintaining factors of anxiety?
- positive beliefs about worry (dysfunctional problem focus, ineffective coping)
- dislike of intense emotions
- cognitive/emotional avoidance (absence of emotional processing)
what role does attention play in social anxiety?
- sa individuals become more anxious when you instruct them to focus attention on themselves
- have strong negative attentional biases for social threat
- bias away from positive social info (& general diminished processing of positive social info in the persistence of SAD)
- difficulties regulating attention
what factors play a role in social anxiety
- information processing biases
- self focused attention
- emotion & emotion regulation
- safety behaviours
- post event processing
what are some interrelations among information processing biases in SAD?
- inhibitory effect of negative self imagry on positive autobio memories
- negative intepretation bias induction produced more negative self related images
- negative self imagery of individuals w SAD interacts w other cognitive processes to maintain excessive anxiety
define self focused attention?
an awareness of self referent internally generated info. content of the awareness can include bodily/physical states, thoughts, emotions, beliefs, attitues, memoreis….
how does self focused attention play a role in SAD?
- excessive self focus during anxiety provoking social situations, which stops them from attending to external info, thus preventing the opportunity for disconfirmation of negative expections
- instead SAD individuals use internal clues to evaluate their social performance
- may be an attempt to suppress, control, or alter uncomfortable internal experiences
how can self focused attention issues be addressed in clients w SAD?
task concentration training: partiipcants taught to reduce self focused attention by focusing on their task and environment
accepatance & minfulness based approahces
define emotion regulation
the processes by which an individual influences which emotions he or she experiences, when the emotions are experienced, and how the emotions are experienced and expressed
what role do emotions & emotion regulation play in SAD?
- reduced emotionality
- emotional hyperreactivity
- emotion regulation deficits
- poor understanding of emotions
how can emotional issues by addressed in clients w SAD?
cognitive reappraisal in CBT to build one sense of self efficacy
what informating processing biases play a role in social anxiety?
- attention bias
- interpretation bias
- implicit associations
- imagery & visual memories
- interrelations among info processing biases
what are safety behaviours used in SAD? define & examples
broad range of behaviours that the person believes are necessary to completet an interaction without harm
ex: low self disclosure, avoidance of eye contact, attempts to conceal anxiety, over rehearsal
-> lead to more anxiety & negativity
define post event processing?
a thought process in which the individual reviews his or her own actions and the reactions of the other individual(s) following a social event or in anticipation of a similar upcoming event
what are the subgroups of safety beahviours?
avoidance (like avoiding eye contact) were associated w negative perceptions by observers
impression management (like over rehearsing): not associated w negative perceptions by observers
how does interpretation bias play a role in social anxiety?
- lack the nonthreat/positive bias typical of nonanxious individuals
- endorse more negative interpretations of positive events
- negative interpretation of positive events was correlated w perfectionism and severity of interpersonal fears
- quicker detection of high intensity anger and fear under conditions of moderate threat
- in no threat condition, slower detection of low intensity sadness & anger (suggesting the relationship between SA and facial emotion detection may vary according to both state anxiety and intensity of the facial expression)
- more likely to misinterpret disgust faces as exhibiting contempt (while nonanxious ppl interpreted them as happy) but this effect dissapeared when given more time
how can interpretation bias issues in SAD patients be addressed?
CBT by teaching clients to generate alternative intepretations for ambigious social situations
how can attentional bias issues be addressed in patients with SAD?
attention retraining augmentation of CBT & mindfulness based interventions
what role do implicit associations play in SAD?
ppl w SAD
- less likely to have implicit associations between self & positive attributes following speech threat
what role do imagery & visual memories play in patients w SAD?
- more likely to imagine recent social interactions as if looking at the self from an observers pov
- imagery in SAD is reported to occur spontaneously during anxiety provoking situations, be negatively tinged, & remain relatively stable over time and across situations
- negative images elicit more negative emotional & cognitive consequences in high SAD group
- negativey self imagery elicited higher self reported anxiety, more observable anxious behaviours, and exaggerated negative self appraisal of performance
- retrieved higher, more unbalanced ratio of negative to positive images and memories
