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1401- Anatomy > L4 - Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

L4 - Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?
    a) Contraction
    b) Secretion
    c) Transmission of nerve impulses
    d) All of the above
A

b) Secretion
Epithelial tissue functions in secretion, protection, absorption, and sensation. Contraction is a function of muscle tissue, while nerve impulse transmission is for nervous tissues.

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2
Q
  1. Which type of epithelium lines the alveoli of the lungs, facilitating diffusion?
    a) Simple cuboidal
    b) Simple squamous
    c) Stratified squamous
    d) Transitional epithelium
A
  1. b) Simple squamous
    This type of epithelium is thin and allows easy passage of gases in the alveoli.
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3
Q
  1. The apical surface of the epithelial cell is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
    a) Microvilli
    b) Cilia
    c) Hemidesmosomes
    d) Stereocilia
A
  1. c) Hemidesmosomes
    Hemidesmosomes are found on the basal surface, not the apical surface.
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4
Q
  1. Which of the following epithelial cell junctions blocks the passage of molecules between adjacent cells?
    a) Tight junctions
    b) Gap junctions
    c) Desmosomes
    d) Hemidesmosomes
A
  1. a) Tight junctions
    Tight junctions create a barrier to the passage of materials between cells.
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5
Q
  1. Which type of gland releases its secretion via exocytosis without any loss of cytoplasm?
    a) Apocrine gland
    b) Holocrine gland
    c) Merocrine gland
    d) Endocrine gland
A
  1. c) Merocrine gland
    Merocrine glands release secretion through exocytosis without any loss of cytoplasm.
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6
Q
  1. Explain the role of polarity in epithelial cells and how it aids in their function.
A
  1. Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct apical, lateral, and basal surfaces, each of which performs specific functions, such as absorption, secretion, or anchoring to underlying tissues.
    For instance, the apical surface often contains microvilli or cilia to increase surface area for absorption or to move substances, while the basal surface anchors the cell to the underlying tissue and facilitates nutrient exchange¹². This organized structure ensures efficient and directional transport of molecules across the epithelial layer, maintaining tissue integrity and function.
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7
Q
  1. Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, providing examples of each.
A
  1. Endocrine glands have no duct system and discharge their secretion directly into the bloodstream and lymph vessels to act on distant tissues (e.g., thyroid gland and pituitary gland ), while exocrine glandsdischarge their secretions onto an
    epithelial surface either directly or via a duct (e.g., sweat glands).
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7
Q
  1. What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
A
  1. The basement membrane provides structural support, anchors the epithelium to underlying tissues, and regulates the movement of materials between the epithelium and underlying layers.
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8
Q
  1. The __________ epithelium found in the urinary bladder can stretch to accommodate varying amounts of fluid.
A
  1. Transitional
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9
Q
  1. __________ glands release their secretion directly into the bloodstream without the need for ducts.
A
  1. Endocrine
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10
Q
  1. The simple cuboidal epithelium is typically found in areas where secretion and absorption are the primary functions. (True / False)
A
  1. True
    Simple cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in glands and renal tubules where secretion and absorption occur.
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11
Q
  1. All stratified epithelial tissues provide the same degree of protection to underlying tissues. (True / False)
A
  1. False
    Stratified keratinized epithelium provides more protection (e.g., skin) compared to stratified non-keratinized epithelium (e.g., esophagus).
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12
Q
  1. Which of the following are features of epithelial tissue?
    (Select all that apply)
    a) Avascularity
    b) Polarity
    c) Rich in extracellular matrix
    d) High regenerative capacity
A
  1. a) Avascularity, b) Polarity, d) High regenerative capacity
    Epithelial tissues are avascular, have distinct polarity, and can regenerate rapidly, especially in areas of high abrasion.
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13
Q

Clinical Scenario-

  1. A 60-year-old male presents with symptoms of dry, scaly skin and reduced sensation in his extremities. A biopsy of the skin shows a thickened, keratinized layer of epithelial cells. Which of the following epithelial structures are likely affected?
    a) Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
    b) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
    c) Simple columnar epithelium
    d) Transitional epithelium
A
  1. b) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
    This epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin and produces keratin to protect against abrasion and water loss.
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13
Q
  1. A patient presents with difficulty breathing, and a biopsy of their trachea is ordered. Upon examination, the tissue shows epithelial cells with cilia and goblet cells. Which type of epithelium is likely present in the trachea?
    a) Simple squamous
    b) Simple cuboidal
    c) Pseudostratified columnar
    d) Stratified squamous
A
  1. c) Pseudostratified columnar
    The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which contains cilia and goblet cells to trap and move mucus.
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14
Q
  1. (Insert an image of a histology slide showing different types of epithelial tissues, including simple cuboidal and stratified squamous).
    Identify the tissues shown in the image and describe their key characteristics.
A
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15
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?
    a) Increase the cell’s surface area for absorption
    b) Allow the cell to move substances along its surface
    c) Strengthen cell-cell adhesion
    d) Facilitate communication between adjacent cells
A
  1. a) Increase the cell’s surface area for absorption
    Microvilli are tiny projections on the apical surface of epithelial cells that increase surface area, enhancing absorption.
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15
Q
  1. Which of the following types of epithelium is specifically adapted for rapid exchange of materials?
    a) Stratified squamous
    b) Transitional epithelium
    c) Simple squamous
    d) Pseudostratified columnar
A
  1. c) Simple squamous
    Simple squamous epithelium is thin and allows for rapid diffusion and filtration, making it ideal for areas like the alveoli in the lungs.
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16
Q
  1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium is most likely found in which of the following locations?
    a) Epidermis of the skin
    b) Esophagus
    c) Trachea
    d) Ureter
A
  1. b) Esophagus
    Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium is found in areas like the esophagus, where protection against friction is needed, but keratinization (which provides water resistance) is not.
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17
Q
  1. Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, aiding in lubrication and absorption.
    True / False
A
  1. True
    Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells is present in the intestines where it aids in mucus production and absorption of nutrients.
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17
Q
  1. Tight junctions are essential for preventing the free movement of molecules between adjacent epithelial cells.
    True / False
A
  1. True
    Tight junctions prevent the free movement of molecules between cells, maintaining the selective barrier function of epithelial tissue.
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18
Q
  1. Describe the difference between simple and stratified epithelia in terms of structure and function.
A
  1. Simple epithelia have a single layer of cells, making them ideal for absorption and filtration, while stratified epithelia have multiple layers, providing protection in areas subject to abrasion.
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19
Q
  1. Explain how cilia in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contribute to respiratory health.
A
  1. Cilia move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract, keeping the airways clear of debris and pathogens, thereby contributing to respiratory health.
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20
Q
  1. Discuss the role of glandular epithelium in endocrine and exocrine systems. Include examples of secretions produced by each.
A
  1. Glandular epithelium forms glands that secrete substances. Endocrine glands, like the thyroid, secrete hormones directly into the blood, while exocrine glands, like sweat glands, secrete onto epithelial surfaces via ducts.
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21
Q
  1. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, found in the __________, provides protection against mechanical stress and prevents water loss.
A
  1. Epidermis
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22
Q
  1. The __________ gland secretes both serous and mucous secretions, making it a mixed gland.
A
  1. Submandibular salivary
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23
Q
  1. __________ junctions allow for direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the passage of ions and small molecules.
A
  1. Gap
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23
Q
  1. Which of the following are characteristics of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?
    (Select all that apply)
    a) It contains multiple layers of cells
    b) The apical layers are composed of dead cells filled with keratin
    c) It provides a moist surface for absorption
    d) It is found in areas of high mechanical stress
A
  1. a), b), d)
    Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is made of multiple layers, with the apical layers being keratinized, dead cells that protect against mechanical stress, found in the skin.
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23
Q
  1. Which of the following are functions of epithelial tissue?
    (Select all that apply)

a) Secretion of hormones
b) Formation of blood vessels
c) Protection from mechanical injury
d) Absorption of nutrients

A
  1. a), c), d)
    Epithelial tissue is involved in hormone secretion, protection from injury, and absorption of materials in areas like the intestines.
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24
Q

Clinical Scenario -

  1. A 45-year-old female patient presents with persistent heartburn and difficulty swallowing. A biopsy of the esophagus shows changes in the epithelial lining from stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium to columnar epithelium. What is this condition called, and why is it significant?

A) Esophageal carcinoma; significant due to high mortality
B) Metaplasia; significant because it is a benign condition
C) Barrett’s esophagus; significant due to increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma
D) Dysplasia; significant because it leads to acid reflux

A

C) Barrett’s esophagus; significant due to increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma

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25
Q
  1. A patient with chronic sinus infections undergoes a biopsy that shows a loss of cilia in the epithelial lining of the nasal cavity. Which type of epithelium is likely involved, and how does the absence of cilia affect the patient’s condition?

A) Stratified squamous epithelium; loss of cilia reduces protection against abrasion
B) Simple squamous epithelium; absence of cilia impairs gas exchange
C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium; loss of cilia impairs mucus clearance
D) Transitional epithelium; absence of cilia increases susceptibility to infections

A

C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium; loss of cilia impairs mucus clearance

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26
Q
  1. (Insert an image of an epithelial slide showing ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium). Based on the image, identify the type of tissue, its characteristic features, and its location in the human body.
A
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26
Q
  1. A 65-year-old male presents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A biopsy of his airway reveals metaplasia, where the normal pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. What is the significance of this cellular change in the context of his disease?

A) It improves mucus clearance, aiding in better airflow
B) Reduces mucus clearance, worsening the patient’s respiratory condition.
C) It increases secretion of mucus, worsening airway obstruction
D) It decreases oxygen exchange, resulting in hypoxia

A

B) This change reduces mucus clearance, worsening the patient’s respiratory condition.

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27
Q
  1. Which of the following accurately describes the regenerative capacity of epithelial tissue?
    a) Low capacity due to the absence of blood supply
    b) High capacity due to the presence of stem cells
    c) Regenerates slowly because of limited nutrient access
    d) Dependent on the type of epithelium, with stratified having the lowest regeneration rate
A
  1. b) High capacity due to the presence of stem cells
    Epithelial tissue has a high regenerative capacity because it contains stem cells that continually replace damaged or lost cells.
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27
Q
  1. Which of the following cell junctions in epithelial tissue allows the passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells?
    a) Desmosomes
    b) Tight junctions
    c) Gap junctions
    d) Zonula adherens
A
  1. c) Gap junctions
    Gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass directly between adjacent cells, facilitating intercellular communication.
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28
Q
  1. Which type of epithelium is most adapted for distension, making it ideal for the lining of organs like the urinary bladder?
    a) Stratified squamous
    b) Transitional epithelium
    c) Simple cuboidal
    d) Stratified cuboidal
A
  1. b) Transitional epithelium
    Transitional epithelium can stretch and distend, making it ideal for the lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary system.
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29
Q
  1. Stratified cuboidal epithelium is typically found in large excretory ducts such as sweat glands and salivary glands.
    True / False
A
  1. True
    Stratified cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in large ducts like sweat and salivary glands, where its function is protection.
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30
Q
  1. Simple columnar epithelium with cilia is primarily involved in absorption rather than moving substances across its surface.
    True / False
A
  1. False
    Ciliated simple columnar epithelium moves substances like mucus across its surface, while non-ciliated types are involved in absorption.
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31
Q
  1. Explain why epithelial tissues are considered avascular and how they receive nutrients.
A
  1. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they lack blood vessels. They receive nutrients through diffusion from underlying connective tissues that are rich in blood vessels.
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32
Q
  1. What is the functional significance of cilia and microvilli, and how do their roles differ in epithelial tissues?
A
  1. Cilia and microvilli both extend from the apical surface of epithelial cells. Cilia are involved in moving substances across the epithelial surface (e.g., moving mucus in the respiratory tract), while microvilli increase surface area for absorption (e.g., in the intestines).
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33
Q
  1. The __________ junctions are primarily responsible for anchoring epithelial cells to the basement membrane, providing structural stability.
A
  1. Hemidesmosomes
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33
Q
  1. The __________ epithelium, which contains both polyhedral cells and umbrella-shaped cells, is found in the ureter and urinary bladder.
A
  1. Transitional
34
Q
  1. Which of the following are examples of specialized epithelial structures?
    (Select all that apply)
    a) Goblet cells
    b) Fibroblasts
    c) Microvilli
    d) Hemidesmosomes
A
  1. a), c), d)
    Goblet cells secrete mucus, microvilli increase surface area for absorption, and hemidesmosomes anchor the epithelium to the basement membrane. Fibroblasts are found in connective tissue, not epithelium.
35
Q
  1. Which of the following epithelia are classified based on the shape of their cells at the apical surface?
    (Select all that apply)
    a) Stratified squamous
    b) Simple cuboidal
    c) Stratified columnar
    d) Transitional epithelium
A
  1. a), c), d)
    Stratified squamous, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelia are classified based on the shape of their apical (surface) cells.
36
Q

Clinical Scenarios
45. A 22-year-old female presents with recurrent urinary tract infections. The lining of her urinary bladder was biopsied, and the histological report indicated an abnormal decrease in the number of layers of the epithelium. Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder, and how does its structure normally function in this organ?

A) Simple squamous epithelium; allows rapid diffusion
B) Stratified squamous epithelium; provides protection against abrasion
C) Transitional epithelium; stretches to accommodate changes in bladder volume
D) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium; aids in secretion and absorption

A

C) Transitional epithelium; stretches to accommodate changes in bladder volume

37
Q
  1. A patient suffers from chronic heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Over time, this leads to a change in the epithelial lining of his esophagus. What type of epithelium is normally found in the esophagus, and what is the clinical term for the change observed in patients with prolonged GERD?

A) Simple squamous epithelium; Dysplasia
B) Stratified squamous epithelium; Barrett’s esophagus
C) Simple columnar epithelium; Metaplasia
D) Transitional epithelium; Esophageal carcinoma

A

B) Stratified squamous epithelium; Barrett’s esophagus

38
Q
  1. Which of the following is an example of a simple tubular gland?
    a) Parotid salivary gland
    b) Gastric glands of the stomach
    c) Mammary gland
    d) Sebaceous gland
A
  1. b) Gastric glands of the stomach
    Gastric glands are simple tubular glands, as their secretory portion is tube-like and does not branch.
39
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes the function of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?
    a) Provides lubrication in the respiratory tract
    b) Facilitates diffusion in the alveoli
    c) Protects against mechanical stress and prevents water loss
    d) Absorbs nutrients in the small intestine
A
  1. c) Protects against mechanical stress and prevents water loss
    Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, found in the skin, protects the body from physical damage and water loss.
40
Q
  1. Which feature distinguishes pseudostratified columnar epithelium from stratified epithelia?
    a) The presence of multiple layers of cells
    b) All cells contact the basement membrane, but not all reach the surface
    c) Cells are arranged in continuous rows
    d) It contains no basement membrane
A
  1. b) All cells contact the basement membrane, but not all reach the surface
    Pseudostratified columnar epithelium has cells of varying heights, but all cells are attached to the basement membrane, unlike stratified epithelium where cells are in multiple layers.
41
Q
  1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is commonly found lining the airways of the respiratory tract and functions in secreting and moving mucus.
    True / False
A
  1. True
    Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the respiratory tract, with cilia moving mucus and trapped particles upward toward the throat.
42
Q
  1. In holocrine glands, the secretion is released by the rupture and complete destruction of the entire cell.
    True / False
A
  1. True
    Holocrine glands release their secretions by rupturing and destroying the entire secretory cell, as seen in sebaceous glands.
43
Q
  1. Differentiate between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine modes of secretion, providing an example of each type of gland.
A
  1. Merocrine glands secrete via exocytosis without any cell damage (e.g., sweat glands). Apocrine glands release part of the cell along with the secretion (e.g., mammary glands). Holocrine glands release the entire cell as part of the secretion (e.g., sebaceous glands).
44
Q
  1. Explain the difference between simple and compound glands. How does their structure relate to their function?
A
  1. Simple glands have unbranched ducts (e.g., gastric glands), while compound glands have ducts that branch before reaching the surface (e.g., parotid salivary gland). The structure affects how and where the secretion is delivered.
45
Q
  1. __________ glands, such as the sebaceous glands, secrete their product by accumulating it in the cytoplasm and then releasing the entire cell contents.
A
  1. Holocrine
46
Q
  1. The __________ epithelium is found in the trachea and is specialized to trap particles in mucus and move them upwards toward the pharynx.
A
  1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
47
Q
  1. Which of the following are functions of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
    (Select all that apply)
    a) Provides structural support
    b) Acts as a selective barrier
    c) Facilitates intercellular communication
    d) Anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue
A
  1. a), b), d)
    The basement membrane provides structural support, acts as a selective barrier between the epithelium and underlying tissues, and anchors the epithelial cells.
48
Q
  1. Which of the following glands are classified as compound glands?
    (Select all that apply)
    a) Gastric glands
    b) Parotid salivary gland
    c) Mammary gland
    d) Sweat glands
A
  1. b), c)
    Compound glands, such as the parotid salivary gland and mammary gland, have branched ducts.
49
Q

Clinical Scenarios - 58. A biopsy from a patient with chronic inflammation of the parotid salivary gland shows a high number of serous cells and ductal structures. Which type of gland is the parotid gland, and what is its main secretion?
A) Serous gland; secretes mucous
B) Mucous gland; secretes serous fluid
C) Serous gland; secretes watery fluid rich in enzymes
D) Mixed gland; secretes both serous and mucous fluids

A

C) Serous gland; secretes watery fluid rich in enzymes

50
Q

A 35-year-old patient presents with an obstruction in one of the ducts of their sebaceous glands, leading to a buildup of sebum and the formation of a cyst. What type of secretion mechanism is associated with sebaceous glands, and why is this mechanism relevant to the patient’s condition?

A) Merocrine secretion; relevant because secretion is through exocytosis, causing less buildup
B) Holocrine secretion; relevant because cell rupture releases sebum, leading to cyst formation
C) Apocrine secretion; relevant because secretion involves pinching off of cytoplasm
D) Endocrine secretion; relevant because it releases hormones into the bloodstream

A

B) Holocrine secretion; relevant because cell rupture releases sebum, leading to cyst formation

51
Q
  1. (Insert an image of epithelial tissue from the skin, showing stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.) Identify the type of epithelium in the image and explain its functional role in the body.
A
52
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
    a) Cellularity
    b) Polarity
    c) Attachment
    d) Vascularity
    e) Innervation
A
  1. (d) Vascularity
    Rationale: Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. It receives nourishment by diffusion from underlying tissues.
53
Q
  1. Which of the following is a function of simple columnar epithelium?
    a) Protection
    b) Lubrication
    c) Absorption
    d) Secretion
    e) All of the above
A
  1. (e) All of the above
    Rationale: Simple columnar epithelium has multiple functions, including protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion of mucus and enzymes.
54
Q
  1. Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the alveoli of the lungs?
    a) Simple squamous epithelium
    b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
    c) Simple columnar epithelium
    d) Stratified squamous epithelium
    e) Transitional epithelium
A
  1. (a) Simple squamous epithelium
    Rationale: The thin, single layer of cells allows for easy diffusion of gases, making it ideal for the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
55
Q
  1. What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the urinary bladder?
    a) Simple squamous epithelium
    b) Stratified squamous epithelium
    c) Transitional epithelium
    d) Simple columnar epithelium
    e) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
  1. (c) Transitional epithelium
    Rationale: Transitional epithelium is unique in its ability to stretch and distend, allowing the urinary bladder to expand and contract.
56
Q
  1. Epithelial tissue has a high regeneration capacity.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (a) True
    Rationale: Epithelial tissue has a high regeneration capacity due to constant wear and tear or injury.
57
Q
  1. Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
    a) Exocrine glands
    b) Endocrine glands
    c) Holocrine glands
    d) Apocrine glands
    e) Merocrine glands
A
  1. (b) Endocrine glands
    Rationale: Endocrine glands lack ducts and release hormones directly into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.
58
Q
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas where there is minimal friction.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (b) False
    Rationale: Stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas of high friction, such as the skin, to provide protection.
59
Q
  1. The trachea is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (a) True
    Rationale: The trachea is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which helps trap and remove foreign particles from the respiratory tract.
60
Q
  1. Goblet cells are an example of unicellular glands.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (a) True
    Rationale: Goblet cells are single-celled glands that secrete mucus.
61
Q
  1. Endocrine glands discharge their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (b) False
    Rationale: Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, not onto epithelial surfaces. Exocrine glands discharge secretions onto epithelial surfaces.
62
Q
  1. Describe the three main types of cell junctions found in epithelial tissue and their functions.
A
  1. Cell Junctions:
    * Tight junctions: Prevent passage of molecules between adjacent cells.
    * Anchoring junctions: Provide mechanical strength by linking cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
    * Communication junctions: Allow small molecules and ions to pass between adjacent cells.
63
Q
  1. Differentiate between simple and stratified epithelia, and provide an example of each.
A
  1. Simple vs. Stratified Epithelia:
    * Simple epithelia: Single layer of cells (e.g., simple squamous epithelium in alveoli).
    * Stratified epithelia: Two or more layers of cells (e.g., stratified squamous epithelium in skin).
64
Q
  1. Explain the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and give an example of each.
A
  1. Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands:
    * Exocrine glands: Secrete products onto epithelial surfaces (e.g., sweat glands).
    * Endocrine glands: Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid gland).
65
Q
  1. The non-cellular structure that provides structural support for the epithelium and acts as a selective barrier is called the _______.
A
  1. Basement membrane
66
Q
  1. ______ are actively motile structures found on the apical surface of some epithelial cells.
A
  1. Cilia
67
Q
  1. Glands that release their entire secretory cell as part of the secretion are called ______ glands.
A
  1. Holocrine glands
68
Q

Select All That Apply
17. Which of the following are functions of epithelial tissue?
* a) Protection
* b) Secretion
* c) Absorption
* d) Filtration
* e) Sensation

A
  1. (a) Protection, (b) Secretion, (c) Absorption, (d) Filtration, (e) Sensation
    Rationale: Epithelial tissues have diverse functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.
69
Q

Clinical Scenario
18. A patient presents with a persistent cough and difficulty breathing. A biopsy of their trachea reveals that the cilia lining the trachea are damaged. How might this damage contribute to the patient’s symptoms?

A
  1. Rationale: Damage to the cilia lining the trachea impairs their ability to sweep mucus and trapped particles upwards, leading to a buildup of mucus and difficulty breathing. The persistent cough is a reflex to try and clear the airway.
70
Q

Focusing on Cellularity:
19. Which feature best describes the concept of “cellularity” in epithelial tissue?
a) Cells arranged in a single layer
b) Abundant extracellular matrix between cells
c) Closely packed cells with minimal intercellular space
d) Presence of blood vessels within the tissue
e) Random arrangement of cells with no distinct pattern

A
  1. (c) Closely packed cells with minimal intercellular space.
    Rationale: Cellularity, a defining characteristic of epithelial tissue, refers to the close packing of cells with minimal extracellular matrix, creating a continuous sheet crucial for protective and barrier functions.
71
Q
  1. Polarity and Membrane Specialization: The basal surface of epithelial cells is characterized by:
    a) The presence of cilia, aiding in the movement of substances.
    b) Microvilli, which increase surface area for absorption.
    c) Attachment to the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes.
    d) Exposure to the external environment or body cavity.
    e) The formation of tight junctions to regulate permeability.
    True/False
A
  1. (c) Attachment to the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes.
    Rationale: The basal surface of epithelial cells is attached to the basement membrane, which provides support and acts as a selective barrier, facilitated by hemidesmosomes.
72
Q
  1. All types of epithelial tissue are capable of secretion.
    * a) True
    * b) False
A
  1. (b) False.
    Rationale: Not all epithelial tissues are specialized for secretion; for example, simple squamous epithelium primarily functions in diffusion and filtration.
73
Q
  1. Explain how the structure of simple squamous epithelium relates to its function in areas like the alveoli of the lungs.
A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium facilitates rapid diffusion of gases due to its single layer of thin, flat cells, ideal for gas exchange in alveoli.
74
Q
  1. Epithelial tissue plays a role in detecting sensations such as smell and taste.
    * a) True
    * b) False
A
  1. (a) True.
    Rationale: Some epithelial tissues, like olfactory epithelium and taste buds, are specialized for sensory functions.
75
Q
  1. Describe the unique features of transitional epithelium that allow it to function in organs like the urinary bladder.
A
  1. Transitional epithelium can stretch due to its multiple layers and umbrella-shaped superficial cells, making it suitable for the urinary bladder’s volume changes.
76
Q
  1. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of stratified squamous epithelium.
A
    • Keratinized: Found in the epidermis, provides a waterproof barrier, contains keratin for strength.
    • Non-keratinized: Found in the mouth and esophagus, protects against abrasion while remaining moist, lacks keratin.
77
Q
  1. The type of epithelial tissue that appears to have multiple layers but actually consists of a single layer of cells with varying heights is called ________ epithelium.
A
  1. Pseudostratified epithelium.
78
Q
  1. _________ glands secrete a watery, clear fluid, while _________ glands secrete a thicker, mucus-like substance.
A
  1. Serous; Mucous
79
Q
  1. A patient with celiac disease experiences damage to the epithelial lining of their small intestine. How might this affect their ability to absorb nutrients?
A
  1. Damage to the intestinal lining reduces surface area for absorption, leading to malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies in celiac disease.
80
Q
  1. Explain why a burn that damages the epidermis of the skin increases the risk of infection.
A
  1. Damage to the epidermis compromises the skin’s barrier, increasing susceptibility to infections from pathogens.
81
Q
  1. Which type of epithelium is characterized by the presence of microvilli on its apical surface, increasing surface area for absorption?
    a) Simple squamous epithelium
    b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
    c) Simple columnar epithelium
    d) Stratified squamous epithelium
    e) Transitional epithelium
A
  1. (c) Simple columnar epithelium.
    Rationale: Microvilli on simple columnar epithelium increase surface area for absorption.
82
Q
  1. Goblet cells, responsible for mucus secretion, are commonly found interspersed within which type of epithelium?
    a) Simple squamous epithelium
    b) Stratified squamous epithelium
    c) Simple columnar epithelium
    d) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
    e) Transitional epithelium
A
  1. (c) Simple columnar epithelium and (d) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
    Rationale: Goblet cells are found in both types of epithelium, contributing to mucus secretion.
83
Q
  1. Simple cuboidal epithelium is specialized for filtration and diffusion due to its thin, single layer of cells.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (a) True.
    Rationale: Simple cuboidal epithelium’s thin layer is specialized for filtration and diffusion, particularly in kidney tubules.
84
Q
  1. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found lining the internal surfaces of organs like the esophagus.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (b) False.
    Rationale: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the epidermis, while the esophagus is lined with non-keratinized epithelium.
85
Q
  1. Explain why pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is well-suited for its role in the trachea.
A
  1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium has cilia that propel mucus and trapped particles upward, clearing airways, and goblet cells that secrete mucus.
86
Q
  1. Compare and contrast the locations and functions of keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
A
    • Keratinized: Forms the outer skin layer, provides toughness, waterproofing, and abrasion resistance.
    • Non-keratinized: Lines moist cavities, offers protection while remaining flexible and moist.
87
Q
  1. Which type of gland releases its secretions through a duct onto an epithelial surface?
    a) Endocrine gland
    b) Exocrine gland
    c) Hormonal gland
    d) Unicellular gland
    e) Multicellular gland
A
  1. (b) Exocrine gland.
    Rationale: Exocrine glands release secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces.
88
Q
  1. Which method of secretion involves the shedding of the entire secretory cell, resulting in the cell becoming part of the secretion?
    a) Merocrine
    b) Apocrine
    c) Holocrine
    d) Endocrine
    e) Exocrine
A
  1. (c) Holocrine.
    Rationale: Holocrine secretion involves the entire secretory cell disintegrating and becoming part of the secretion.
89
Q
  1. Sebaceous glands, responsible for oil production in the skin, are an example of holocrine glands.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (a) True.
    Rationale: Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands, with cells rupturing to release sebum.
90
Q
  1. All multicellular glands are classified as exocrine glands.
    a) True
    b) False
A
  1. (b) False.
    Rationale: Multicellular glands can be either endocrine or exocrine; endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream
91
Q
  1. Describe the key differences between serous glands and mucous glands, including the nature of their secretions.
A
  1. Serous and mucous glands are both types of exocrine glands but differ in their secretions:
    * Serous glands: Secrete a watery, clear fluid that typically contains enzymes. An example is the parotid salivary gland.
    * Mucous glands: Secrete a thick, viscous fluid called mucus, which is rich in glycoproteins. The sublingual salivary gland is an example.
92
Q
  1. Using examples, explain the classification of exocrine glands based on the shape of their secretory units.
A
  1. Exocrine glands are classified based on the shape of their secretory units:
    * Tubular glands: Have a secretory unit that is tubular in shape, such as the gastric glands of the stomach.
    * Acinar glands: Have a rounded or oval secretory unit called an acinus, as seen in the parotid salivary gland and pancreas.
    * Alveolar glands: Have a flask-shaped secretory unit called an alveolus, as seen in the mammary glands.
93
Q
  1. A patient presents with excessive sweating and an inability to regulate their body temperature. Which type of gland is likely malfunctioning, and how does its normal function relate to the observed symptoms?
A
  1. The malfunctioning gland is most likely a sweat gland, a type of exocrine gland. Sweat glands play a crucial role in thermoregulation by releasing sweat, which evaporates from the skin, cooling the body. An inability to sweat properly can lead to overheating and difficulty regulating body temperature.
94
Q
  1. A tumor is found in a patient’s pituitary gland, leading to an overproduction of growth hormone. Explain why this tumor can have widespread effects throughout the body.
A
  1. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones regulating various bodily functions, including growth. A tumor in the pituitary gland can cause it to overproduce growth hormone, which can have systemic effects throughout the body since hormones travel through the bloodstream and act on target cells in various organs and tissues.

1401- Anatomy (9 decks)

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