L2- Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
- Which of the following is a feature of eukaryotic cells but NOT prokaryotic cells?
a) Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus
b) Presence of mitochondria
c) Small size compared to other cells
d) Lack of cytoplasm
- b) Presence of mitochondria
o Rationale: Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, which are absent in prokaryotic cells.
- What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Digestion of macromolecules
c) ATP production
d) DNA storage
- c) ATP production
o Rationale: Mitochondria are the “powerhouse” of the cell, converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP, which is the cell’s energy currency.
- Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins and preparing them for export out of the cell?
a) Ribosomes
b) Lysosomes
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
o Rationale: The Golgi apparatus processes, modifies, and packages proteins for transport out of the cell or to different parts of the cell.
- In which part of the cell does the majority of the cell’s ATP production occur?
a) Cytoplasm
b) Mitochondrial matrix
c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d) Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrial matrix
o Rationale: The mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes that are involved in ATP production, particularly during the Krebs cycle.
- The plasma membrane allows all substances to pass freely into and out of the cell.
o True
o False
- False
o Rationale: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it only allows certain substances to pass through.
- Lysosomes are responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign material.
o True
o False
- True
o Rationale: Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials and foreign invaders.
- The ____________________ is the control center of the cell and is responsible for storing genetic material.
- Nucleus
o Rationale: The nucleus stores genetic material (DNA) and regulates the cell’s activities.
- ____________________ are responsible for synthesizing proteins using information provided by the DNA.
- Ribosomes
o Rationale: Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating mRNA sequences.
- Explain the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in terms of structure and function.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification processes.
o Rationale: The rough ER helps synthesize proteins due to the ribosomes attached to it, while the smooth ER focuses on lipid metabolism.
- Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein modification and transportation.
- The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins by adding carbohydrates or lipids and packages them into vesicles for transport either to other locations within the cell or for export outside the cell.
o Rationale: The Golgi apparatus is like a shipping center, processing and dispatching proteins to their destinations.
Select All That Apply”
11. Which of the following are functions of the plasma membrane?
* a) Allows certain substances to pass through selectively
* b) Produces ATP for the cell
* c) Contains cholesterol to maintain fluidity
* d) Aids in the digestion of cellular waste
- a), c)
o Rationale: The plasma membrane selectively regulates substance passage and contains cholesterol to help maintain fluidity.
“Select All That Apply”
12. Which of the following structures contain DNA?
* a) Nucleus
* b) Mitochondria
* c) Ribosomes
* d) Golgi apparatus
- a), b)
o Rationale: Both the nucleus and mitochondria contain DNA; ribosomes and Golgi apparatus do not.
Matching
13. Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Organelle Function
a) Mitochondria 1) Protein synthesis
b) Ribosomes 2) ATP production
c) Golgi apparatus 3) Protein modification
d) Lysosomes 4) Digestion of macromolecules
- a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
* Rationale: Each organelle has a distinct function: mitochondria produce ATP, ribosomes synthesize proteins, the Golgi apparatus modifies proteins, and lysosomes digest macromolecules.
Case-Based Short Answer
14. A patient presents with a genetic condition that impairs mitochondrial function. What impact might this have on the cell, and which tissues or organs would be most affected?
(Hint: Consider the role of mitochondria in energy production.)
- Mitochondrial dysfunction would reduce the cell’s ability to produce ATP, leading to decreased energy availability. Organs that require high energy, such as the brain, muscles, and heart, would be most affected.
* Rationale: Mitochondria are critical for energy production, so tissues with high energy demands would suffer the most.
- If a mutation disrupts the nuclear pores, how would this affect the cell’s ability to function?
(Hint: Consider the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.)
- If nuclear pores are disrupted, essential molecules like mRNA, proteins, and enzymes cannot pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm, impeding processes like protein synthesis, cell division, and overall cell function.
* Rationale: Nuclear pores regulate the exchange of materials, and disrupting this would affect the cell’s core activities.
Diagram Labeling
16. Label the organelles of the eukaryotic cell in the diagram provided.
(Provide a simple eukaryotic cell diagram for students to label.)
- (Provide labelled diagram as answer)
* Rationale: Students should correctly label organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoplasm.
- Which organelle is responsible for producing lipids and detoxifying harmful substances?
a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
c) Golgi Apparatus
d) Mitochondria
- b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rationale: The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances in the cell
- What component of the cell is primarily involved in maintaining its shape and facilitating intracellular transport?
a) Centrioles
b) Microtubules
c) Ribosomes
d) Lysosomes
- b) Microtubules
Rationale: Microtubules help maintain cell shape and assist in transporting vesicles and organelles within the cell
- Which of the following structures is absent in animal cells but present in plant cells?
a) Mitochondria
b) Nucleus
c) Cell wall
d) Endoplasmic Reticulum
- c) Cell wall
Rationale: Animal cells do not have a cell wall, which is found in plant cells
- What is the primary role of centrioles during cell division?
a) ATP production
b) Organizing microtubules to form the spindle
c) Synthesizing proteins
d) Digesting cellular waste
- b) Organizing microtubules to form the spindle
Rationale: Centrioles organize microtubules during cell division to form the spindle, which separates chromosomes
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which is inherited maternally.
o True
o False
- True
Rationale: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which is maternally inherited and crucial for mitochondrial function
- The nucleus contains enzymes responsible for the digestion of cellular waste.
o True
o False
- False
Rationale: The nucleus contains DNA, while lysosomes are responsible for digesting cellular waste
- Which of the following are functions of mitochondria?
* a) Energy production (ATP)
* b) Lipid synthesis
* c) Cellular respiration
* d) Detoxification of harmful substances
- a) Energy production (ATP), c) Cellular respiration
Rationale: Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration and energy production in the form of ATP
- The _______________ contains the hereditary material of the cell and coordinates cell activities such as growth and reproduction.
- Nucleus
Rationale: The nucleus stores the cell’s hereditary material and controls activities like growth and reproduction
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum appears rough because it is studded with _______________.
- Ribosomes
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum appears rough due to the presence of ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis
- Explain how lysosomes function in cellular waste management and the significance of this process in disease-fighting cells like macrophages.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste material and cellular debris. This is particularly important in immune cells like macrophages, where lysosomes help digest pathogens
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY - 27. Which of the following organelles are involved in protein synthesis?
* a) Nucleus
* b) Ribosomes
* c) Endoplasmic Reticulum
* d) Lysosomes
- b) Ribosomes, c) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rationale: Ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is involved in protein folding and modification
Matching
29. Match the following cell structures with their associated functions:
* a) Nucleolus 1) Digesting cellular waste
* b) Mitochondria 2) Producing ribosomes
* c) Lysosomes 3) ATP production
* d) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 4) Lipid synthesis
29.
* a) Nucleolus - 2) Producing ribosomes
* b) Mitochondria - 3) ATP production
* c) Lysosomes - 1) Digesting cellular waste
* d) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - 4) Lipid synthesis
- A person presents with muscle weakness and fatigue. A biopsy reveals a defect in mitochondrial function. Which tissues are likely to be most affected and why?
- Muscle cells are highly dependent on ATP for contraction. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to reduced energy production, which results in muscle weakness and fatigue
- What is the primary function of the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell?
a) Stores DNA
b) Site of metabolic reactions and houses organelles
c) Controls what enters and leaves the cell
d) Synthesizes proteins
- b) Site of metabolic reactions and houses organelles
Rationale: The cytoplasm provides a medium where metabolic reactions occur and contains organelles that perform various cell functions
- The cytoplasm contains various macromolecules like proteins and carbohydrates that play a role in cell metabolism.
o True
o False
- True
Rationale: The cytoplasm contains water, proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules necessary for cell metabolism
- Describe the role of microvilli and cilia in specialized cells and where these structures are typically found in the body.
- Microvilli increase the surface area for absorption, found in cells lining the intestines, while cilia move fluids over cell surfaces, found in the trachea
Case-Based Short Answer
45. A patient has an inherited disorder that impairs the synthesis of proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. How might this impact the function of cells that rely heavily on protein production, such as pancreatic cells?
- Cells that rely heavily on protein production, like pancreatic cells, would be impaired in their ability to synthesize digestive enzymes or hormones like insulin, leading to malfunction in the digestive or endocrine systems
- A cell is exposed to a toxin that specifically inhibits the function of the Golgi apparatus. Predict how this would affect the processing and secretion of proteins and lipids in the cell.
- Inhibition of the Golgi apparatus would disrupt the processing, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids, leading to defective cell communication and secretion
- Match the following cell types with the tissues they are found in:
Cell Type Tissue Type
a) Epithelial cells 1) Muscle tissue
b) Fibroblast cells 2) Cartilage tissue
c) Osteocytes 3) Connective tissue
d) Chondrocytes 4) Blood
e) Myocytes 5) Epithelial tissue
f) Neurons 6) Nervous tissue
g) White/Red blood cells 7) Bone tissue
55.
a) Epithelial cells - 5) Epithelial tissue
b) Fibroblast cells - 3) Connective tissue
c) Osteocytes - 7) Bone tissue
d) Chondrocytes - 2) Cartilage tissue
e) Myocytes - 1) Muscle tissue
f) Neurons - 6) Nervous tissue
g) White/Red blood cells - 4) Blood
Rationale: Each cell type is associated with a specific tissue type, contributing to the unique functions of that tissue in the body
How does the structure of the mitochondria relate to its function?
The mitochondria’s double membrane structure is crucial to its function. The inner membrane folds create a large surface area for the electron transport chain, which is essential for ATP production during cellular respiration. The matrix, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes necessary for the citric acid cycle, another key step in cellular respiration.
Describe the structure of the nucleus and its role in cell division
The nucleus is a double-membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin. The nuclear envelope contains pores that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. During cell division, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, ensuring the genetic material is equally distributed to the daughter cells. The nucleus plays a vital role in coordinating cell division and ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic information
The ________ is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles
Cytoplasm
________ are short, hair-like projections found on the surface of some cells, responsible for movement of fluids or materials across the cell surface
Cilia
The ________ is a network of tubules that plays a role in protein and lipid synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum
select all that apply - Which of the following structures are found within the nucleus?
○
(a) Nucleolus
○
(b) Cytoplasm
○
(c) Chromatin
○
(d) Ribosomes
○
(e) Centrioles
a) Nucleolus, (c) Chromatin
select all that apply - Which of the following statements are TRUE about the cell membrane?
○
(a) It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
○
(b) It is completely impermeable to all substances.
○
(c) It regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
○
(d) It plays a role in cell signaling.
○
(e) It is found only in eukaryotic cells.
(a) It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, (c) It regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell, (d) It plays a role in cell signaling
Which organelles are involved in the production and packaging of proteins?
○
(a) Ribosomes
○
(b) Endoplasmic Reticulum
○
(c) Golgi apparatus
○
(d) Lysosomes
○
(e) Mitochondria
(a) Ribosomes, (b) Endoplasmic Reticulum, (c) Golgi apparatus
Plant cells and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells. True/ false
True
Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
false Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
Which type of cell membrane allows all substances to pass through without difficulty?
○
(a) Impermeable membrane
○
(b) Freely permeable membrane
○
(c) Selectively permeable membrane
○
(d) None of the above
(b) Freely permeable membrane - A freely permeable membrane allows any substance to pass through.
.Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm?
○
(a) Water
○
(b) Chromosomes
○
(c) Enzymes
○
(d) Lipids
(b) Chromosomes - Chromosomes are found within the nucleus, not the cytoplasm
Which of the following cell types is likely to have the highest number of mitochondria?
○
(a) Skin cell
○
(b) Bone cell
○
(c) Muscle cell
○
(d) Fat cell
(c) Muscle cell - Muscle cells require a lot of energy for contraction, so they have a high number of mitochondria to produce ATP
What is the function of microvilli on the cell membrane?
○
(a) Movement
○
(b) Protection
○
(c) Increased surface area for absorption
○
(d) Cell signaling
(c) Increased surface area for absorption - Microvilli are found on cells lining the intestine and increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Which of the following statements about the nucleolus is FALSE?
○
(a) It is a membrane-bound organelle.
○
(b) It is located within the nucleus.
○
(c) It manufactures ribosomes.
○
(d) It appears as a dark spot under the microscope.
(a) It is a membrane-bound organelle. - The nucleolus is a distinct structure within the nucleus but does not have its own membrane.
The folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria are called ________, which increase the surface area for cellular respiration.
Cristae
________ are long, whip-like projections responsible for the movement of some cells, like sperm
Flagellum
The ________ is the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria
Intermembrane space
________ are small, cylindrical structures made of microtubules that play a crucial role in cell division.
Centrioles
The ________ is the semifluid matrix found inside the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Which of the following are functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?
○
(a) Protein synthesis
○
(b) Lipid metabolism
○
(c) Detoxification
○
(d) Cellular respiration
○
(e) DNA replication
(a) Protein synthesis, (b) Lipid metabolism, (c) Detoxification
.
Which of the following cell types are examples of specialized cells in the human body?
○
(a) Epithelial cells
○
(b) Fibroblasts
○
(c) Osteocytes
○
(d) Red blood cells
○
(e) All of the above
(e) All of the above
All cells in the human body have the same number of chromosomes. true/ false
False - Some human cells, like sperm and egg cells, have half the number of chromosomes compared to other body cells.
Ribosomes can be found both free in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. true/ false
True - Ribosomes can be found both free in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis true/ false
False - The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
