L1 - Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
- What is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another called?
o A) Physiology
o B) Cytology
o C) Anatomy
o D) Embryology
C) Anatomy
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships
- Which of the following is NOT an approach to studying anatomy?
o A) Regional anatomy
o B) Systemic anatomy
o C) Clinical anatomy
o D) Physiological anatomy
D) Physiological anatomy
Rationale: Physiological anatomy is not a recognized approach; the two main approaches are regional and systemic anatomy.
- Which anatomical plane divides the body into right and left parts?
o A) Coronal plane
o B) Transverse plane
o C) Sagittal plane
o D) Oblique plane
C) Sagittal plane
Rationale: The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts.
- The anatomical term “proximal” refers to:
o A) Away from the body surface
o B) Closer to the origin of a body part
o C) Toward the midline of the body
o D) Toward or at the front of the body
B) Closer to the origin of a body part
Rationale: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or origin.
- Which organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the environment?
o A) Digestive system
o B) Urinary system
o C) Respiratory system
o D) Endocrine system
- C) Respiratory system
Rationale: The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the blood and the external environment.
- A patient presents with pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Which of the following organs is most likely involved?
o A) Stomach
o B) Appendix
o C) Liver
o D) Spleen
- B) Appendix
Rationale: The appendix is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.
- Which of the following planes would be used to divide the body into anterior and posterior parts?
o A) Sagittal plane
o B) Coronal plane
o C) Transverse plane
o D) Oblique plane
- B) Coronal plane
Rationale: The coronal plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.
- If a patient has a deep wound, this indicates the wound is:
o A) Toward the surface of the skin
o B) Away from the surface of the body
o C) Close to the midline of the body
o D) On the same side of the body
- B) Away from the surface of the body
Rationale: A deep wound extends away from the body surface.
- Which of the following structures is part of the central nervous system (CNS)?
o A) Cranial nerves
o B) Spinal cord
o C) Peripheral nerves
o D) Lymph nodes
- B) Spinal cord
Rationale: The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS).
- What is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?
o Short Answer
- Gross anatomy is the study of structures visible to the naked eye, while microscopic anatomy involves structures too small to be seen without a microscope.
- The __________ system includes bones, ligaments, and cartilage, providing structure and protection for the body.
- Skeletal
- A nurse checks for proper placement of an IV in the median cubital vein. In
o A) Anterior arm (elbow)
o B) Posterior knee
o C) Anterior thigh
o D) Posterior neck
- A) Anterior arm (elbow)
Rationale: The median cubital vein is located in the anterior aspect of the elbow region.
- Which of the following are included in the integumentary system?
(Select all that apply)
o A) Skin
o B) Hair
o C) Nails
o D) Muscles
o E) Sebaceous glands
- A) Skin, B) Hair, C) Nails, E) Sebaceous glands
Rationale: The integumentary system includes skin, hair, nails, and glands associated with the skin.
- In the anatomical position, the palms are facing forward.
o True / False
- True
Rationale: In the anatomical position, the palms face forward.
- A healthcare provider might refer to the skin as “deep” compared to the muscles in the body.
o True / False
- False
Rationale: The skin is superficial to muscles, meaning it is closer to the surface of the body.
- The study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body as they relate to deeper structures is known as:
o A) Gross anatomy
o B) Surface anatomy
o C) Developmental anatomy
o D) Radiographic anatomy
- B) Surface anatomy
Rationale: Surface anatomy studies shapes and markings on the body surface in relation to deeper structures.
- If a patient is lying in the supine position, what does that mean in terms of their body orientation?
o Short Answer
- The supine position means the patient is lying flat on their back, with their face and torso facing upwards.
- Which of the following anatomical terms means “away from the midline of the body”?
o A) Medial
o B) Lateral
o C) Proximal
o D) Superficial
- B) Lateral
Rationale: Lateral means away from the midline of the body.
- Which cavity contains the spinal cord?
o A) Cranial cavity
o B) Vertebral cavity
o C) Thoracic cavity
o D) Abdominal cavity
- B) Vertebral cavity
Rationale: The vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord.
- A patient is placed in the lithotomy position during surgery. What is the correct description of this position?
o A) The patient is lying face up with legs elevated and spread apart.
o B) The patient is lying face down with arms by their side.
o C) The patient is standing upright with arms raised.
o D) The patient is lying on their side with knees drawn up to the chest.
- A) The patient is lying face up with legs elevated and spread apart
Rationale: The lithotomy position involves the patient lying on their back with legs elevated in stirrups, typically used in gynecological or rectal surgeries.
- Define “ipsilateral” and “contralateral” and provide a clinical example of each.
o Short Answer
- Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body (e.g., right hand and right foot are ipsilateral). Contralateral means on opposite sides (e.g., right hand and left foot are contralateral).
- The movement of a body part forward, such as pushing the jaw forward, is known as __________.
- Protraction
Rationale: Protraction refers to the movement of pushing a body part forward.
- During a physical exam, a doctor asks a patient to rotate their forearm so that the palm faces downward. Which anatomical movement is the doctor referring to?
- Pronation
Rationale: Pronation is the movement of turning the palm downwards
- Which of the following terms are used to describe body cavities? (Select all that apply)
o A) Cranial cavity
o B) Pelvic cavity
o C) Mediastinum
o D) Coronal cavity
o E) Spinal cavity
- A) Cranial cavity, B) Pelvic cavity, C) Mediastinum, E) Spinal cavity
Rationale: These are recognized subdivisions of anatomy
- A patient presents with numbness in their right hand and right foot. Based on this information, which anatomical term best describes the relationship between these two symptoms?
o A) Contralateral
o B) Ipsilateral
o C) Distal
o D) Lateral
- B) Ipsilateral
Rationale: Ipsilateral refers to symptoms occurring on the same side of the body.
- A medical student is asked to identify a specific artery in the upper limb. The instructor tells the student that the artery is distal to the shoulder and proximal to the wrist. Which artery is the student most likely identifying?
o A) Brachial artery
o B) Radial artery
o C) Femoral artery
o D) Carotid artery
- A) Brachial artery
Rationale: The brachial artery is located in the upper limb, distal to the shoulder and proximal to the wrist.
- Which of the following anatomical terms describe movements of the forearm? (Select all that apply)
o A) Flexion
o B) Pronation
o C) Supination
o D) Abduction
o E) Circumduction
- B) Pronation, C) Supination
Rationale: These terms refer to the movements of the forearm, where the palm faces downward (pronation) or upward (supination).
- What is the function of the lymphatic system, and how does it interact with the cardiovascular system?
o Short Answer
- The lymphatic system helps return fluid (lymph) to the cardiovascular system and filters out harmful substances, playing a role in immune defense and maintaining fluid balance
- The anatomical term “superficial” means farther from the body surface.
o True / False
- False
Rationale: The term “superficial” means closer to the body surface, not farther.
- How does understanding anatomical terms like “superficial” and “deep” aid healthcare professionals in accurately describing the location of injuries or diseases?
o Short Answer
- Understanding terms like superficial and deep allows healthcare professionals to communicate precisely about injury location. For example, a “superficial” burn affects only the skin, while a “deep” wound might involve muscles or bones.
- Which plane would be used to divide the body into upper and lower portions?
o A) Midsagittal plane
o B) Coronal plane
o C) Transverse plane
o D) Parasagittal plane
- C) Transverse plane
Rationale: The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions
- Which system is primarily responsible for defending the body against disease and removing waste products from tissues?
o A) Cardiovascular system
o B) Respiratory system
o C) Lymphatic system
o D) Urinary system
- C) Lymphatic system
Rationale: The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease and removes waste from tissues.
- A trauma patient has a fractured femur. This injury is located in which anatomical region?
o A) Upper limb
o B) Neck
o C) Lower limb
o D) Thorax
- C) Lower limb
Rationale: The femur is the thigh bone, located in the lower limb.
- The term “contralateral” refers to structures located on __________ sides of the body.
o Fill in the Blank
- Opposite
Rationale: Contralateral refers to structures located on opposite sides of the body.
- The __________ cavity is found in the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and its coverings.
o Fill in the Blank
- Vertebral
Rationale: The vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord and its coverings.
- The __________ system is responsible for regulating the body’s internal environment through the production of hormones.
o Fill in the Blank
- Endocrine
Rationale: The endocrine system regulates the body’s internal environment through hormone production.
- Which of the following structures are found in the thoracic cavity? (Select all that apply)
o A) Lungs
o B) Heart
o C) Liver
o D) Diaphragm
o E) Stomach
- A) Lungs, B) Heart, D) Diaphragm
Rationale: The thoracic cavity houses the lungs, heart, and diaphragm.
- A radiologist uses an MRI to examine a patient’s internal organs after an accident. Which subdivision of anatomy is being utilized in this scenario, and how does it differ from gross anatomy?
o Short Answer
- Radiographic anatomy
Rationale: The radiologist is using radiographic anatomy to visualize internal organs through imaging, which differs from gross anatomy because no dissection or direct observation is involved.
- Which anatomical term describes the movement of the sole of the foot laterally?
o A) Inversion
o B) Eversion
o C) Pronation
o D) Supination
- B) Eversion
Rationale: Eversion refers to the movement of the sole of the foot laterally.
- An MRI is ordered to view a tumor located on the posterior side of the brain. Which anatomical plane is best suited to visualize this tumor?
o A) Coronal plane
o B) Transverse plane
o C) Midsagittal plane
o D) Parasagittal plane
- A) Coronal plane
Rationale: The coronal plane divides the body into front and back sections, allowing visualization of structures on the posterior side of the brain.
- A patient presents with difficulty in chewing and swallowing food. Upon examination, the doctor notices that the patient has limited movement in their jaw. What type of movement (protraction, retraction, elevation, or depression) might be restricted if the patient cannot push their jaw forward?
- Protraction
Rationale: If the patient is unable to push their jaw forward, they have restricted protraction movement of the mandible.
- A healthcare provider palpates (feels) the abdomen of a patient who is experiencing abdominal pain. Which anatomical region(s) would the provider focus on if the pain is described in the lower left quadrant?
o A) Umbilical region
o B) Right iliac region
o C) Left iliac region
o D) Epigastric region
- C) Left iliac region
Rationale: The left iliac region corresponds to the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.
- A trauma patient has a laceration on the anterior part of their forearm. In which anatomical direction is the injury located?
A) Anterior
B) Posterior
C) Radial
D) Ulinar
- A) Anterior
Rationale: An anterior injury means it is located at the front of the body
- The patient is lying face down during a physical examination. What anatomical position is this?
o A) Supine
o B) Prone
o C) Lithotomy
o D) Fowler’s
- B) Prone
Rationale: Prone position means lying face down.
- What is the anatomical advantage of using the supine position for surgical procedures involving the abdomen?
- The supine position allows easy access to the abdominal organs and is frequently used during surgeries involving the abdomen, like appendectomies or hernia repairs.
- Which anatomical terms refer to movement toward and away from the midline of the body?
o Short Answer
- Adduction refers to movement toward the midline, while abduction refers to movement away from the midline.
- A healthcare provider is assessing the reflex response of the right knee. If the right knee is tapped and it extends, which side of the body is responding?
o A) Contralateral
o B) Ipsilateral
o C) Distal
o D) Proximal
- B) Ipsilateral
Rationale: The reflex response in the right knee indicates the action is occurring on the same side (ipsilateral) as the stimulation.
- In a clinical exam, a doctor observes the movement of a patient’s forearm as the palm turns from facing upward to facing downward. What is the name of this movement?
o A) Supination
o B) Pronation
o C) Adduction
o D) Flexion
- B) Pronation
Rationale: The movement where the palm turns downward is referred to as pronation.
- Which of the following movements refers to raising a body part upwards, like shrugging the shoulders?
o A) Protraction
o B) Elevation
o C) Depression
o D) Retraction
- B) Elevation
Rationale: Elevation is the movement of raising a body part upwards, like shrugging the shoulders.
- The term “medial” means:
o A) Away from the midline of the body
o B) Toward the midline of the body
o C) Closer to the surface of the body
o D) Farther from the surface of the body
B) Toward the midline of the body
Rationale:
The term “medial” refers to a position that is closer to the midline or center of the body. In anatomical terminology, the midline is an imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves.
- What is the anatomical position?
o Short Answer
- Person standing upright with
– Head, eyes and toes
directed forward
– Upper limbs adjacent to
the sides with palms
facing forward and thumbs
pointing away from the
body
– Lower limbs close together
with the feet parallel
- Which of the following organs are part of the urinary system? (Select all that apply)
o A) Kidneys
o B) Ureters
o C) Urinary bladder
o D) Liver
o E) Urethra
- A) Kidneys, B) Ureters, C) Urinary bladder, E) Urethra
Rationale: These organs make up the urinary system, involved in filtering waste from the blood and excreting it as urine.
- A healthcare provider is using anatomical terms to describe the position of the heart relative to the lungs. Which term best describes this relationship?
A) Superior
B) Medial
C) Lateral
D) Inferior
B) Medial
Rationale:
In anatomical terms, the heart is located medial to the lungs because it is closer to the midline of the body, whereas the lungs are positioned on either side of the heart. “Medial” means closer to the midline, while “lateral” would indicate a position farther from the midline. “Superior” and “inferior” refer to positions above or below a structure, which does not apply in this case since the heart and lungs are at the same level in the thoracic cavity.
- A patient is lying flat on their back after surgery. They are in which position?
o A) Supine
o B) Prone
o C) Lithotomy
o D) Fowler’s
- A) Supine
Rationale: In the supine position, the patient is lying on their back.
- Which organ system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body?
o A) Muscular system
o B) Skeletal system
o C) Nervous system
o D) Cardiovascular
system
- D) Cardiovascular system
Rationale: The cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body.
- A healthcare provider is performing a physical examination. They ask the patient to raise their arms laterally. Which movement is this?
o A) Abduction
o B) Adduction
o C) Flexion
o D) Extension
- A) Abduction
Rationale: Raising the arms laterally involves abduction from the body’s midline
- Which of the following movements describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
o A) Adduction
o B) Abduction
o C) Flexion
o D) Extension
- B) Abduction
Rationale: Abduction refers to moving a limb away from the midline of the body.
- During a dissection lab, students observe the structures of the heart. This is an example of:
o A) Gross anatomy
o B) Microscopic anatomy
o C) Radiographic anatomy
o D) Developmental anatomy
- A) Gross anatomy
Rationale: Observing the heart during dissection is an example of gross anatomy.
- The __________ cavity contains the brain, while the __________ cavity contains the spinal cord.
- Cranial; vertebral
Rationale: The cranial cavity contains the brain, while the vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord.
- The term “distal” refers to a point closer to the origin or attachment of a limb.
o True / False
- False
Rationale: The term “distal” refers to a point farther from the origin or attachment of a limb, not closer.
- The anatomical term “inferior” refers to a structure located above another structure.
o True / False
- False
Rationale: The term “inferior” means below another structure, not above
- Which organ systems work together to provide movement in the body? (Select all that apply)
o A) Muscular system
o B) Skeletal system
o C) Cardiovascular system
o D) Nervous system
- A) Muscular system, B) Skeletal system, D) Nervous system
Rationale: These systems work together to provide movement in the body
- What is the function of the endocrine system?
o Short Answer
- The endocrine system regulates various metabolic activates by producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
- What is the role of the integumentary system?
o Short Answer
- The integumentary system protects the body from external damage, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information
- The movement of the foot so that the sole faces medially is known as:
o A) Pronation
o B) Supination
o C) Inversion
o D) Eversion
- C) Inversion
Rationale: Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces medially
- The term “lateral” refers to:
o A) Closer to the midline
o B) Further away from the midline
o C) Superior to a structure
o D) Inferior to a structure
- B) Further away from the midline
Rationale: Lateral refers to a position away from the midline of the body.
- Which of the following are components of the digestive system? (Select all that apply)
o A) Stomach
o B) Kidneys
o C) Small intestines
o D) Lungs
o E) Pancreas
- A) Stomach, C) Small intestines, E) Pancreas
Rationale: These organs are involved in digestion and part of the digestive system.
- Which plane would best visualize a cross-section of the liver?
o A) Sagittal plane
o B) Coronal plane
o C) Transverse plane
o D) Oblique plane
- C) Transverse plane
Rationale: The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions, making it ideal for cross-sections of organs like the liver.
- A physician notes that the patient’s right hand is in a pronated position. What does this mean?
o Short Answer
In a pronated position, the palm of the hand faces downward.
- The term “anterior” means:
o A) Toward the front of the body
o B) Toward the back of the body
o C) Above another structure
o D) Below another structure
- A) Toward the front of the body
Rationale: Anterior refers to the front side of the body.
- If the stomach is located inferior to the heart, which anatomical term can be used to describe the location of the heart in relation to the stomach?
o A) Superior
o B) Inferior
o C) Medial
o D) Lateral
- A) Superior
Rationale: The heart is located superior to the stomach.
- Which organ system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands?
o A) Skeletal system
o B) Integumentary system
o C) Endocrine system
o D) Muscular system
- B) Integumentary system
Rationale: The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands.
- A patient presents with pain in the right shoulder. Which anatomical term best describes the location of the shoulder in relation to the torso?
o A) Superior
o B) Inferior
o C) Lateral
o D) Medial
- C) Lateral
Rationale: The shoulder is located laterally to the torso.
- Which anatomical term means “toward the head”?
o A) Inferior
o B) Superior
o C) Lateral
o D) Medial
- B) Superior
Rationale: Superior refers to a structure located above another structure.
- A patient has a ruptured spleen located in the upper left quadrant. Which abdominal region is the spleen situated in?
o A) Right hypochondriac
o B) Left hypochondriac
o C) Epigastric
o D) Umbilical
- B) Left hypochondriac
Rationale: The spleen is located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
- The anatomical position is important for:
o A) Standardizing the description of body parts and their positions
o B) Performing surgeries
o C) Describing the body’s systems
o D) All of the above
- A) Standardizing the description of body parts and their positions
Rationale: The anatomical position provides a common reference point for anatomical descriptions.
- Which of the following anatomical terms describes a structure located away from the body’s surface?
o A) Superficial
o B) Deep
o C) Proximal
o D) Distal
- B) Deep
Rationale: Deep refers to structures located away from the body’s surface.
- Which of the following is a major organ of the respiratory system?
o A) Liver
o B) Kidney
o C) Lung
o D) Heart
- C) Lung
Rationale: The lung is a major organ of the respiratory system.
- Which anatomical term is used to describe a position closer to the point of attachment?
o A) Distal
o B) Proximal
o C) Lateral
o D) Medial
- B) Proximal
Rationale: Proximal refers to a point closer to the trunk of the body.
- During a car accident, a person sustains an injury to the right side of their chest. Which body planes would the emergency physician use to describe the location of the injury to a colleague?
o A) Midsagittal and coronal planes
o B) Transverse and sagittal planes
o C) Coronal and transverse planes
o D) Oblique and coronal planes
- A) Midsagittal and coronal planes
Rationale: The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts, while the coronal plane divides it into anterior and posterior parts.
- The anatomical term “posterior” means:
o A) Toward the front of the body
o B) Toward the back of the body
o C) Above another structure
o D) Below another structure
- B) Toward the back of the body
Rationale: Posterior refers to the back side of the body.
- The __________ system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- D) Cardiovascular system
Rationale: The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- The term “proximal” refers to:
o A) Away from the trunk of the body
o B) Closer to the trunk of the body
o C) Toward the head
o D) Toward the feet
- B) Closer to the trunk of the body
Rationale: Proximal refers to a point closer to the trunk of the body.
- Which of the following anatomical terms describe movements related to the spine? (Select all that apply)
o A) Flexion
o B) Lateral flexion
o C) Abduction
o D) Extension
o E) Rotation
- A) Flexion, B) Lateral flexion, D) Extension
Rationale: These movements are related to the spine and involve bending or straightening actions.
- What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
o Short Answer
- The main function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
- Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
o A) Midsagittal plane
o B) Coronal plane
o C) Transverse plane
o D) Parasagittal plane
- C) Transverse plane
Rationale: The transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
- A patient presents with bilateral (both sides) knee pain. Which anatomical term best describes the location of the pain?
o A) Ipsilateral
o B) Contralateral
o C) Bilateral
o D) Unilateral
- C) Bilateral
Rationale: Bilateral refers to pain or symptoms occurring on both sides of the body.
Classify the following as either part of systemic anatomy or regional anatomy. (Select all that apply)
Digestive system
Head
Respiratory system
Neck
Cardiovascular system
Trunk (Thorax and Abdomen)
Muscular system
Upper limbs
Endocrine system
Lower limbs
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Urinary system
Skeletal system
Integumentary system
Lymphatic system
Systemic Anatomy:
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
Muscular system
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Urinary system
Skeletal system
Integumentary system
Lymphatic system
Regional Anatomy:
2. Head
4. Neck
6. Trunk (Thorax and Abdomen)
8. Upper limbs
10. Lower limbs
Explain the difference between systemic anatomy and regional anatomy. Provide one example of each type of study.
Systemic anatomy involves studying individual organ systems across the entire body, focusing on how organs within a system function together. For example, studying the digestive system would be systemic anatomy.
Regional anatomy, on the other hand, studies all structures (bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels) within a specific body region. For instance, studying the lower limbs would be an example of regional anatomy.
Which of the following correctly describes the hierarchical levels of organization in the human body from the simplest to the most complex?
a) Tissues → Cells → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
b) Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
c) Cells → Organs → Tissues → Organ Systems → Organism
d) Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Cells → Organism
Answer: b) Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
Rationale: This is the correct hierarchical order of biological organization, starting from the smallest functional unit (cells) and progressing to the complete organism.
Explain how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are interrelated, and provide one example of each level.
Cells are the smallest units of life. Similar cells combine to form tissues, such as muscle tissue. Multiple types of tissues work together to form organs, like the heart, which is made up of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues. Organ systems, like the digestive system, consist of organs working together to perform a specific task. Finally, the organism is the complete living entity.
Which of the following is the primary function of the digestive system?
a) Circulating nutrients throughout the body
b) Breaking down and absorbing nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance
c) Filtering and removing waste products from the body
d) Producing hormones to regulate metabolism
b) Breaking down and absorbing nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance
Rationale: The digestive system’s main role is to break down food and absorb nutrients that are essential for the body’s growth and maintenance.
The urinary system is involved in filtering out _________, _________, and excess _________ or _________ from the circulatory system, which helps maintain the body’s _________ and _________ balance.
Answers:
cellular wastes
toxins
water
nutrients
fluid
electrolyte
List the major glands of the endocrine system.
Answer:
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
List the major organs of the reproductive system in both males and females.
Answer:
Female Reproductive Organs:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands
Male Reproductive Organs:
Testes
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Penis
Fill-in-the-Blank
The peripheral nervous system includes ____________ pairs of cranial nerves and ____________ pairs of spinal nerves, which relay ____________ signals through the body and are involved in directing ____________ and ____________.
Answer:
The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which relay electrical signals through the body and are involved in directing behavior and movement.
Select All That Apply
Which of the following are functions of the peripheral nervous system? (Select all that apply)
a) Relaying electrical signals
b) Directing behavior and movement
c) Processing visual information
d) Controlling physiological processes such as digestion and circulation
e) Producing hormones
Answer: a) Relaying electrical signals, b) Directing behavior and movement, d) Controlling physiological processes such as digestion and circulation
Rationale: These options represent functions of the peripheral nervous system. Processing visual information is typically a function of the central nervous system, and producing hormones is primarily the role of the endocrine system.
List 6 primary functions of the skeletal system.
Answer:
The primary functions of the skeletal system include:
Providing support and shape for the body
Protecting delicate internal organs
Forming joints for movement
Producing blood cells in the bone marrow
Storing salts like calcium
Giving attachment points for muscles
