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BIOC 304 > L4 - Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

L4 - Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

1) framework for cell
2) stability
3) shape change (spreading)
4) cell movement

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2
Q

3 types of polymers

A

1) actin filaments
2) microtubules
3) intermediate filaments

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3
Q

actin filament monomer

A

actin

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4
Q

actin filament size

A

smallest

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5
Q

microtubules monomer

A

heterodimer made of a + B subunits of tubulin

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6
Q

intermediate filaments

A

intermediate filament proteins

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7
Q

what is the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane made of?

A

intermediate filaments

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8
Q

what are some times of intermediate filament proteins?

A

1) keratin

2) vimentin

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9
Q

describe mechanical characteristic of intermediate filaments

A

flexible and rope-like

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10
Q

why are intermediate filaments so flexible

A

staggered long subunits

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11
Q

similarities between microtubules and actin filaments

A

1) single protofilament is thermally unstable

2) two ends polymerize at different rates

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12
Q

minus end speed

A

slow growing

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13
Q

plus end speed

A

fast growing

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14
Q

how are microtubules assembled?

A

GTP hydrolysis (GTP-tubulin dimers = fast growing, GDP-tubulin dimers = fast disassembly)

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15
Q

in microtubules, where does disassembly occur?

A

at plus end

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16
Q

how are actin filaments assembled?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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17
Q

what is the rate determining step for actin polymerization?

A

nucleation (3 actin monomers forming a trimer)

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18
Q

F-actin

A

actin filament

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19
Q

G-actin

A

oligomer (3 actin monomers coming together)

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20
Q

critical concentration

A

minimum concentration of monomers needed for the net addition

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21
Q

where is critical concentration higher?

A
  • end
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22
Q

where is critical concentration lower?

A

+ end

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23
Q

treadmilling range

A

range where concentration of monomers between CcT and CcD

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24
Q

nucleation

A

where monomers come together and form an initial stable structure to act as “seed” for polymerization

25
Q

lag phase

A

time taken for nucleation

26
Q

growth phase

A

monomers added to exposed ends of growing filament -“ elongation

27
Q

eqm phase

A

growth of polymer balanced with shrinkage

28
Q

dynamic instability

A

microtubules - phenomenon where microtubules alternate between a period of slow growth and rapid disassembly at one side

29
Q

actin cytoskeleton function

A

cell spreading/migration

30
Q

ARP2/3 complex function

A

adds additional nucleation sites and catalyze the formation of a branched actin network to grow near a cell membrane (stays at - end)

31
Q

formin

A

nucleates new filaments at + end to accelerate polymerization

32
Q

profilin

A

binds to subunits and brings to growing chain to speed elongation

33
Q

cofilin

A

binds and destabilizes disassembly

34
Q

capZ

A

caps actin filament at + end and prevents growth (greatly increases the critical concentration). only can grow at minus end so much slower

35
Q

tropomyosin

A

stabilizes actin filament

36
Q

stress fibres actin configuration

A

contractile bundle (by a-actinin)

37
Q

cell cortex actin configuration

A

gel-like network (by filamin A)

38
Q

filopodium

A

tight parallel bundles (by fimbrin)

39
Q

phalloidin

A

Drug that binds F-actin and stabilizes it (can have fluorescent tag)

40
Q

cytochalasin

A

drug that caps actin filament plus end

41
Q

swinholide

A

drug that severs actin filaments

42
Q

latrunculin

A

drug that binds actin subunits and prevent polymerization

43
Q

taxol

A

drug that binds and stabilizes microtubules

44
Q

colchicine

A

drug that binds MT subunits and prevents polymerization

45
Q

colcemid

A

drug that binds MT subunits and prevents polymerization

46
Q

vinblastine

A

drug that binds MT subunits and prevents polymerization

47
Q

vincristine

A

drug that binds MT subunits and prevents polymerization

48
Q

nocodazole

A

drug that binds MT subunits and prevents polymerization

49
Q

Rho GTPase

A

catalyze important cell shape

50
Q

cell shapes catalyzed by Rho GTPase

A

1) filopodia (spike-like proj)
2) lamellipodia (sheet-like proj)
3) stress fibers (contractile actin bundles)

51
Q

RhoA activation

A

stress fibers (contractile actin bundles) -> more integrin + focal adhesion

52
Q

Cdc42 activation

A

filopodia (spike-like proj)

53
Q

Rac1 activation

A

lamellipodia (sheet-like proj)

54
Q

Rac-Rho antagonism

A

Rac promotes protrusion

Rho promotes contract (opposite so need to be coordinated)

55
Q

how is RhoGTPase deactivation regulated?

A

GEFs

56
Q

how is RhoGTPase activation regulated?

A

GAPs

57
Q

what protein is needed for cell-matrix adhesion?

A

integrin, transmembrane receptors (actin and intermediate filaments)

58
Q

how is integrin activated?

A

receives signal and catalyze conformation chain where it opens up and allows for strong ligand binding

59
Q

focal adhesion

A

catalyzed by FAK (involve integrin, actin and actin-binding proteins)

BIOC 304 (12 decks)

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