L1 - Overview of Main Questions

Question 1

what are the main functions of the cell?

Answer 1

1) phagocytosis
2) cell migration
3) apoptosis

Question 2

why are proteins important?

Answer 2

carry out cell functions (enzymes catalyze essential reactions)

Question 3

what are the components of DNA?

Answer 3

1) phosphate
2) sugar
3) nitrogenous base

Question 4

what protein is involved in catalyzing transcription?

Answer 4

RNAP

Question 5

what happens in between transcription and translation?

Answer 5

1) introns removed
2) 5’ RNA capped
2) 3’ polyA tail

Question 6

differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 6

1) deoxyribose vs ribose
2) Thymine vs uracil
3) DS vs SS

Question 7

what are ribosomes for?

Answer 7

site of protein synthesis in the cytosol

Question 8

where are ribosomes synthesized?

Answer 8

nucleolus

Question 9

tRNA function

Answer 9

match mRNA with right AA

Question 10

redundancy in protein synthesis

Answer 10

multiple codons can code for the same AA

Question 11

do all cells have the same genome?

Answer 11

yes, but will have different levels of expression of different genes depending on the specific function of the cell and this difference is mediated by proteins

Question 12

primary structure

Answer 12

sequence of AA

Question 13

secondary structure

Answer 13

conformational change between backbone of peptide

Question 14

protein substructure

Answer 14

domains = independent structures with independent functions in the same protein

Question 15

how do protein-protein interactions change function?

Answer 15

1) can influence function of other proteins

2) own function can be affected by the binding of other proteins/ligands

Question 16

kinases

Answer 16

proteins that add P to an AA to activate a protein

Question 17

phosphatases

Answer 17

proteins that dephos AA to deactivate a protein

Question 18

what are the common outcomes of a signal transduction pathway?

Answer 18

1) altered metabolism
2) altered gene expression
3) altered cell shape or movement

Question 19

what are the kinds of cell signal transduction initiators?

Answer 19

1) cell surface receptors

2) intracellular receptors

Question 20

what are the two major questions of biochem?

Answer 20

1) what are the exact mechanisms by which cells control ___?
2) how can an improved knowledge of the mechanisms of ___ improve human health?

Question 21

what is the goal of skim reading?

Answer 21

1) what they want

2) how did they find it

Question 22

what is the goal of rereading?

Answer 22

1) what were they trying to find?

2) does the data well represent it

Question 23

negative control

Answer 23

control of no effect (show you can tell when nothing happens)

Question 24

positive control

Answer 24

control of max effect (show you can tell when something happens)

Question 25

what are the potential outcomes when comparing means between 2 groups?

Answer 25

1) difference is real

2) difference due to random sampling error

Question 26

low p-values = ?

Answer 26

higher significance

Question 27

higher p-values = ?

Answer 27

lower significance

Question 28

how do you represent variability of data?

Answer 28

1) error bars on bar graphs

2) SD