L1 - Overview of Main Questions Flashcards
what are the main functions of the cell?
1) phagocytosis
2) cell migration
3) apoptosis
why are proteins important?
carry out cell functions (enzymes catalyze essential reactions)
what are the components of DNA?
1) phosphate
2) sugar
3) nitrogenous base
what protein is involved in catalyzing transcription?
RNAP
what happens in between transcription and translation?
1) introns removed
2) 5’ RNA capped
2) 3’ polyA tail
differences between DNA and RNA
1) deoxyribose vs ribose
2) Thymine vs uracil
3) DS vs SS
what are ribosomes for?
site of protein synthesis in the cytosol
where are ribosomes synthesized?
nucleolus
tRNA function
match mRNA with right AA
redundancy in protein synthesis
multiple codons can code for the same AA
do all cells have the same genome?
yes, but will have different levels of expression of different genes depending on the specific function of the cell and this difference is mediated by proteins
primary structure
sequence of AA
secondary structure
conformational change between backbone of peptide
protein substructure
domains = independent structures with independent functions in the same protein
how do protein-protein interactions change function?
1) can influence function of other proteins
2) own function can be affected by the binding of other proteins/ligands
kinases
proteins that add P to an AA to activate a protein
phosphatases
proteins that dephos AA to deactivate a protein
what are the common outcomes of a signal transduction pathway?
1) altered metabolism
2) altered gene expression
3) altered cell shape or movement
what are the kinds of cell signal transduction initiators?
1) cell surface receptors
2) intracellular receptors
what are the two major questions of biochem?
1) what are the exact mechanisms by which cells control ___?
2) how can an improved knowledge of the mechanisms of ___ improve human health?
what is the goal of skim reading?
1) what they want
2) how did they find it
what is the goal of rereading?
1) what were they trying to find?
2) does the data well represent it
negative control
control of no effect (show you can tell when nothing happens)
positive control
control of max effect (show you can tell when something happens)
what are the potential outcomes when comparing means between 2 groups?
1) difference is real
2) difference due to random sampling error
low p-values = ?
higher significance
higher p-values = ?
lower significance
how do you represent variability of data?
1) error bars on bar graphs
2) SD
