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BIOC 304 > Guest Lecture > Flashcards

Guest Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what are important things to know before taking a drug? (3)

A

1) safe?
2) work?
3) side effects?

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2
Q

what are alternatives to animal models? (3)

A

1) isolate cells
2) purified enzymes
3) computer models

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3
Q

what animals are most procedures done on?

A

mice and rats

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4
Q

what area of studies are non-human primate models especially important?

A

neuroscience (ie neurodegeneration)

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5
Q

how are animals governed?

A

institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs)

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6
Q

what do research/teaching involving the use of animals a UBC need to conform to?

A

UBC Policy #91 (Research and Teaching Involving Animals)

- need to get approval from UBC committee

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7
Q

how do we help ensure that things are standard across UBC animal care facilities?

A

UBC has an IACUC Safety Operating Procedures (SOPs)

  • need to develop SOPs and submit them to IACUC
  • lots of SOPs already exist too
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8
Q

what are the three R’s?

A

1) Replacement
2) Reduction
3) Refinement

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9
Q

how does the Post Approval program at UBC work?

A

1) clinical vet visit
2) IACUC visit
3) lab-specific Continuing Review

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10
Q

what is “replacement”?

A

conscious and living vertebrates must be replace by non-sentient alternatives

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11
Q

what is “reduction”?

A

reduce the number of animals needed

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12
Q

Fixed Dose Procedure

A

alternative to LD50 tests where fewer animals used

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13
Q

what is “refinement”?

A

procedures have to be refined to reduce the incidence or severity of suffering

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14
Q

how do rabbits need to be accomodated?

A

given bedding material, boxes and tubes

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15
Q

how do rodents need to be accomodated?

A

given nesting material

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16
Q

how do monkeys need to be accomodated?

A

given branches to climb, swings, ropes and platforms

17
Q

how can obese mice overeat?

A

lack of leptin gene

- can be used to study type II diabetes

18
Q

SCID mice

A

severe combined immunodeficiency (lacks T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins)

19
Q

humanised mouse

A

delete mouse genes and add human genes

20
Q

why are pigs good models?

A

similar anatomic and physiologic characteristics to humans (good surgical model)
- good for preclinical toxicological safety studies

21
Q

why are dogs good?

A
  • passive and good size

- pharmacokinetics very predictive of humans

22
Q

how are zebrafish used?

A

toxicology testing, embryology, developmental studies

23
Q

what are important things to consider in experimental design?

A

1) sample size + controls

2) route of administration

24
Q

what administration route is “bad”?

A 
intraperitoneal route (IP) 
- inject into body cavity
25
Q

what needs to be defined carefully for in vivo pharmacology studies?

A

1) dose-response relationship

2) time course (onset and duration of response)

26
Q

three core battery to be tested?

A

1) CNS
2) cardiovascular
3) respiratory

27
Q

why are clinical trials important?

A

many species are poorly predictive of human specific drug metabolism and clearance

28
Q

acute toxicity

A

toxicity produced when administered in one or more doses during a period less than 24 hours

29
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

drug levels are plotted at timed intervals

30
Q

how many species needs to be tested first?

A

at least two mammalian species, including a non-rodent species when reasonable

31
Q

how many days do animals need to be observed after pharmaceutical administration?

A

14

32
Q

what are the two horizontal lines in a pharmacokinetic plot?

A

MTC - minimum toxic concentration
MEC - minimum effective concentration
- want it in between

33
Q

in pharmacokinetics, what is the area called where the graph goes up?

A

absorption phase

34
Q

in pharmacokinetics, what is the area called where the graph goes down?

A

elimination phase

35
Q

what are the axises in pharmacokinetics?

A

plasma concentration and time

BIOC 304 (12 decks)

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