L4: African American Lang & Culture: Implications for SLPs Flashcards
T/F
AAs described as voluntary immigrants to the US (John Ogbu)
False
INVOLUNTARY immigrants!!!!
T/F
Though times have improved, many AAs still experience discrimination
True
-In the military, other AAs told her to be “_________” and to “do what the _____ people tell you to do”
- less threatening
- White
T/F
In the south, there are certain places that Blacks just don’t go
True
- AAs have a strong ____ & _____ ethic
- There still remains an ______ & __________ b/w AAs & other ethnic groups
- _______ continues to be an issue for many AA children
- work; family
- educational; income gap
- poverty
T/F
Today, AA boys & young men are the fastest-growing group of incarcerated young people in the US
Crimes: they steal what (2) for who?
FALSE
girls & young women!!!!
(1) food (2) milk for ch
Sacramento Bee, 1/19/20__ (MLK Day)
- The ______ in CA b/w Blacks & Whites has reached its widest point in decades
- Today, CA White families’ median income is __% nighter than that of Black families
- White CA families typically earn about $_______/year compared to $________/year for Black families
- 2015
- income gap
- 80%
- $90,000; $43,500
T/F
According to Sacramento Bee 1/19/2015 Black families earn more than half of what White families do
FALSE
earn BARELY HALF!!!!
Sacramento Bee 1/19/2015
What are Reasons for income gap? (5)
- Discrimination
- Economy
- Job problems w/out college degree
- Achievement gap in K-12 schools
- ↑ incarceration rate of black men
Many African Americans are:
- deeply ________
- the ______ plays a major role in their lives
- AAs most likely to report a ________ affiliation
- Many hours a week may be spent at _____, including all day Sunday
- When we work w/ _________ especially, it can be helpful o include the minister, church members, friends, from Bible study etc.
- religious
- church
- religious
- church
- elderly AAs
Education & Literacy
- AA families value _______ & _______
- it is ________ to them that their children work hard & do well in school
- _______ may be another story
- Most teachers are White _____; there may be some cultural differences b/w them & AA ch, especially _____
- education; literacy
- important
- college
- women
- males
Georgetown University Center on Education & the Workforce:
- People w/ Bachelor’s degree make __% more _____ over a lifetime than HS graduates
- Translation: college graduate makes $__M over a lifetime; HS graduate makes $__M
- 83%; more MONEY
- $2.3 M; $1.3 M
T/F
Statistics show that HS graduation rate for AA has decreased in the last few years
FALSE
INCREASED
National Center for Education Statistics, 20__)
-Young adults w/ Master’s degrees, Asians earned $_____/year; AAs earned $_____/year
- 2013
- $73,000
- $50,000
It is important to address ________ discrepancies which affect AA children:
- 1 way to do this is to provide __________
- If AA students use AAE, there may be issues w/ _____, _____ & ______ in mainstream Eng
- educational
- early intervention
- reading; writing; spelling
We have to be aware of the impact of use of ____ in mainstream schools where ___ is the language spoken
- AAE
- MAE
L4S19
-
Craig, Zhang, Hensel & Quinn “AAE-speaking Students: an examination of the relationship b/w dialect shifting & reading outcomes”
- examined skills of ___ typically developing AA ch in grades -
- AAE-speaking students who learned to use ___ in _____ tasks did _____ than those who did not make this adaptation
- 165; 1-5
- MAE; literacy tasks; better
Questions the authors asked:
- For AAE-speaking students who do not automatically “pick up” on MAE, do we _____ it to them ______?
- Is this culturally ________ & _______?
- Would it help them perform ______ in school?
- teach; explicitly
- sensitive; appropriate
- better
Ivy, L.J., & Masterson, J.J. A comparison of oral and written English styles in African American students at different stages of writing development. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
- Studied use of _____ & _____ AAE in __ & ____ graders
- Question: did kids use AAE ____ as they got older?
Results:
- Use of AAE was _______ for oral & written lang in ___ graders
- __grades used MORE AAE in ____ lang & LESS in ______ lang
- Children who speak AAE eventually learn to switch to MAE in their _______
- oral; written; 3rd; 8th
- less
- comparable; 3rd graders
- 8th; oral; written
- writing
ASHA Johnson et al., Impact of Dialect Use on Student Writing
- They studied 1__ __-__ graders at two Title 1 elementary schools in Northeast Florida
- __% of child were eligible for free/reduced lunch (________)
- They got ______ lang samples from these students
- 141; 2nd-4th
- 95%; wellfare
- written
ASHA Johnson et al., Impact of Dialect Use on Student Writing
Findings:
- The _____ the students used ___, the poorer their editing skills on a writing task
- Interventions that implement __________ (explicit instruction in non-AAE grammatical features) may be ______ in helping AAE-users _____ to MAE in _______ settings
- more; AAE
- bidialectical education; useful; switch; academic
Gaitlin & Wanzek, 20__:
- __ studies consisting of 1,9__ participants in grades K-_ (typically developing)
- The ____ children used AAE, the _____ their overall _____ skills, especially ______
- could not attribute this to ________
- Found affected ______ class ch as well
- 2015
- 19; 1,947; 6
- more; lower; literacy; reading
- poverty
- middle
Recent research concludes:
- _______ b/w spoken AAE & oral & written MAE may contribute to the _____________ b/w AA & mainstream ch
- AA ch who are good at _________ –> better literacy skills
- discrepancy; literacy achievement gap
- codeswitching
Health Care & Disabilities
- a major problem for many AAs is __________
- AA babies are more likely than babies from other races to be ________ & to die from nutritional deficiency
- Older adults who have __________ disorders may have difficulty getting therapy
- lack of health insurance
- premature
- difficulty
What are Low-SES AA ch are susceptible to?
2
(1) lead poisoning
(2) asthma
If children are diagnosed w/ disabilities…
- many AA families are _______
- They tend to have intergenerational support as well as strong _______ beliefs
- accepting
- religious
Family Life
- ________ members are very important in AA culture
- Although many homes are headed by single women, there is _________ support.
- _________ are often very involved in ch raising
- Ch-raising styles in AA families tend to be more ________ than in other groups; may employ ↑ use of ___________
- extended family
- intergenerational
- grandmas
- authoritative
- corporal punishment
Communication Styles
- Traditional turn taking during interaction may NOT OCCUR; _______ is acceptable & expected
- ________ & _______ are typical
- May not be ______ w/ traditional professionals
- interrupting
- confrontation; honesty
- congruent
African American English
- Use of AAE is impaction by many factors: (name 3)
- AAE is NOT a substandard form of ____
- It is ________ & _________
- SES
- education
- geographic location
- MAE
- rule-governed; predictable
Assessment & Treatment Considerations:
- We have to be extremely careful when we assess the ______& ________ skills of AAE-speaking students
- Many tests are ______
- _________ are encouraged; _______ description can be especially effective
- AA boys are over diagnosed w/ _____-they tend to be quite physically _____
- articulation; language
- biased
- language samples; picture
- ADHD; active
Implications for Professionals:
- address family members _____–use titles
- Pronounce _____ correctly
- Incorporate _______ into tx
- formally
- names
- movement
- Help students learn the difference…
- B/w “____ talk” & “____ talk”
- Important for _____, _____ & _____
- Don’t enroll students in tx for ________; however, if they are in for a disorder, I sneak it in by _______
- Some experts: “__________”
- home; school
- pragmatics; morphology; syntax
- differences; modeling
- elective intervention
Larry P. vs Riles:
- Began in 19__
- AA parents in San Francisco filed in _______ court
- They claimed that their ch were wrongly placed in the _____ class
- 1971
- federal
- Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR)
Larry P. vs Riles:
Parents claimed that…
-IQ tests were culturally _______ & _______
-AA students were __________ represented in EMR classes
-AA= ___% in gen ed; __% in EMR
- biased; discriminatory
- disproportionately
- 28.5%; 66%
Larry P. vs Riles:
- Judge Robert Peckham: SFUSD prohibited from using __ tests to place AA students in EMR classes
- Decision upheld on appeal in 19__
- In 1984, the court expanded the ruling for all of CA by banning use of __ testing for all AA students for any _________ purpose
- IQ
- 1984
- IQ; special ed
- We can’t use SLP tests if they directly/indirectly profess to ______
- CA Dept of Ed: in lieu of IQ tests, use _______ means of assessment–lang samples, etc.
- measure IQ
- alternative
The CA Diagnostic Center said that the possible OK tests might be… (name 4)
- CELF-5 (Clinical Evaluation of Lang. Fundamentals)
- Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation (DELV)
- Preschool Language Scale-4 (PLS-4)
- Comprehensive Test of Spoken Language (CASL)
Diagnostic Center of California, 2015:
-The only test for which can report standard scores for African American students is the _______
-DELV-4
