L.4 Flashcards
Where is the telencephalon located
forebrain and superior to the diencephalon
What structures are included in the telencephalon
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
What are the cerebral hemispheres divided into
lobes
Name all the different types of lobes in the cerebral hemispheres
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
What is the function of the frontal lobe
motor function
What is the function temporal lobe
hearing function
What is the function of the occipital lobe
vision function
What is the function of the parietal lobe
somatosensory function
What is the cerebral cortex
outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres
What are the names of structures that represent the folds of the brain
gyri and sulci
What is a gyri
the “hills” on the brain’s surface
What is a sulci
the “valleys” between the gyri
Why does the brain have folds
increased folds allow for a larger surface area to house more neurons
What are 2 important sulci to know
central sulcus & lateral sulcus
What does the central sulcus do
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
What does the lateral sulcus do
separates the temporal lobe and parietal lobe
What is the function of the primary motor cortex
controls voluntary movements
What is the function of somatosensory cortex
processes sensory inputs
True or False: most of the cortex is involved perception and cognition
TRUE
What is the role of corpus callosum
connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
- allows nerve signals to move btw 2 sides
What are the 2 main neural pathways in the forebrain
basal ganglia and limbic system
What is the function of basal ganglia
controls posture and movement and connects to the cerebral cortex
What structures make up the basal ganglia
- corpus striatum
- subthalamic nucleus
- substantia nigra
What is the corpus striatum made of
lentiform (GP and putamen) and caudate nuclei
Name 2 disorders of basal ganglia
Parkinson’s disease and Huntington
What is the function limbic system
processing emotions, learning, memory and autonomic functions
What are the structures of that make up the limbic system
- cingulate cortex
- thalamus
- mammillary bodies
- fornix
- amygdala
- hippocampus
What is the function of the hippocampus
involved in memory and spatial navigation
What is the function of amygdala
processes emotion for fear and rage
What is the function of fornix
connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies
What is the function of cingulate gyrus
regulates emotions and pain
What is the function of mammillary bodies
involved in memory formation and emotional connections
What is the function of meninges
they encase the brain and spinal cord – they protect and provide support
What are the 3 layers of the meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
Describe the role of dura mater
- outermost layer
- anchors brain to skull
- prevents movement
Describes the role of arachnoid mater
- middle layer
- contains CSF
- cushions the brain
Describes the role of pia mater
- innermost layer
- directly covers brain and spinal cord
What are the 2 layers of the dura mater
endosteal layer and meningeal layer
True or False: the endosteal layer lines the outside of the skull
FALSE: lines the INside
True or False: the meningeal layer lines the brain and spinal cord
TRUE
What is the main blood supply for the dura mater
middle meningeal artery
Where is the middle meningeal artery found
in the endosteal layer of the dura mater
What is the main nerve supply of dura mater
the trigeminal (CN5) nerve
What happens when the dura’s sensory neurons are stimulated (and why)
- cause headaches (esp. when blood vessels or nerves)
- only part of CNS w/ sensory supply
Name 3 structures part of the meningeal layer of the dura mater
- falx cerebri
- tentorium cerebelli
- falx cerebelli
What is the function of falx cerebri
separates the cerebral hemispheres
What is the function of tentorium cerebelli
separate cerebellar hemispheres from the cerebral hemispheres
What is the function of falx cerebelli
separates cerebellar hemispheres
What are the 2 haematomas
- extradural & subdural haematomas
What is a extradural haematoma
- blood collects in space between skull and dura
- cause: trauma to middle meningeal artery
What is a subdural haematoma
- blood collects between the dura and arachnoid
- cause: trauma to bridging veins
Where is the subarachnoid space loacted
between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
What does the subarachnoid space contain
- has CSF (cushions brain & spinal cord)
- has cerebral vessels (supplies blood vessels to brain)
What are arachnoid granulations
herniations of arachnoid into venous sinuses
What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage
bleeding into subarachnoid space due to trauma/rupture of blood vessels
What are the features of pia mater
- vascularisation
- leptomeninges
What is vascularisation
contains blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to brain
What is leptomeninges
arachnoid and pia mater
What is meningitis
inflammation of the leptomeninges caused by infection
What is are veinous sinuses
large spaces (not veins) that collect blood in the brain & help drain blood from the brain back to the heart via the internal jugular veins
What are diploic veins
small veins located within the bones of the skull that drain blood from the cranium
What are cerebral veins
veins drain blood from areas outside the skull and carry it to the sinuses for extra drainage
What are Cavernous Sinuses
paired sinus located against the sphenoid bone
How can infections affect cavernous sinuses
- infections can spread to cavernous sinuses
- inflammation of structures passing through the cavernous sinus can lead to cavernous sinus syndrome
What is cavernous sinus syndrome
when an infection in the face spreads to the cavernous sinus
