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Principles of Med Neuroscience > L.3 > Flashcards

L.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurulation

A

neural plate folds to form the neural tube

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2
Q

When does neurulation happen

A

early embryonic development (first 3 weeks)

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3
Q

What is the neural tube

A

precursor of CNS

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4
Q

Outline how neurulation happens

A
  1. mesoderm cells form notochord
  2. notochord induces thickening of ectoderm cells
  3. forms neural plate
  4. neural plate folds inwards into neural tube
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5
Q

What are neural crest cells

A

they migrate into PNS to differentiate

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6
Q

Name 2 types of neural tube defects

A
  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
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7
Q

What is the cause of anencephaly

A

improper closure of the anterior neural tube to close

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of spina bifida

A
  • Spina bifida occulta
  • Spina bifida cystica
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9
Q

What is the overall cause of Spina bifida

A

improper closure of posterior neural tube to close

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10
Q

Consequence of spina bifida occulta

A

no visible sac & less severe

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11
Q

Consequence of spina bifida cystica

A

visible sac (meninges out) & severe

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
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13
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles

A
  • prosencephalon: telencephalon & diecephalon
  • mesencephalon stays the same
  • rhombencephalon: metencephalon & myelencephalon
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14
Q

What does the telencephalon represent

A

cerebral hemisphere

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15
Q

What does the diencephalon represent

A

thalamus & hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does the mesencephalon represent

A

midbrain

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17
Q

What does the metencephalon represent

A

pons and cerebellum

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18
Q

What does the myelencephalon represent

A

medulla

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19
Q

What are flexure developments

A

when the primary vesicles bend to develop the secondary brain vesicles (the space is limited) – causes flexures

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20
Q

What are the 3 main flexures

A
  • cephalic
  • cervical
  • pontine
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21
Q

What is the spinal cord made of

A

white and grey matter

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22
Q

What is white matter:

A

myelinated axons

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23
Q

What is grey matter

A

neural cell bodies

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24
Q

What are the main functions of the spinal cord

A
  • carries sensory information to the brain and motor information from the brain
  • autonomic functions (reflexes)
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25
Where does the spinal cord end
conus medullaris (below L1)
26
What is the lumbar cistern
space below conus medullaris filled w/ CSF & where cauda equina is located
27
What is the conus equina
dorsal and ventral nerves exit below conus medullaris (supply the lower body)
28
What is the terminal filum
anchors the conus medullaris to coccyx
29
what is the cervical enlargement
provides nerves to upper limbs
30
what is the lumbosacral enlargement
provides nerves to lower limbs
31
why are the cervical and lumbosacral enlargement bigger
there are more nerves
32
How many pairs of nerves branch from spinal cord
31
33
how is blood supplied to spinal cord
- anterior and posterior spinal arteries - segmentary spinal arteries
34
How is the spinal cord protected
- dura = outermost layer of spinal cord - it runs via a vertebral canal
35
What is the function of the brainstem
- relay centre for sensory and motor information - control ANS + vital involuntary functions (CVS, breathing, vomiting, digestion, blood pressure)
36
What are the 3 main regions of the brainstem
- medulla - pons - midbrain
37
What is the function of the medulla
controls vital autonomic functions
38
What are 2 important strictures of medulla
- pyramid and olive
39
What is the function of pyramid in medulla
controls all skeletal muscles
40
What is the function of olive in medulla
relay centre between medulla and cerebellum
41
What is the function of pons
relays information to brainstem and cerebellum
42
What are the 3 main structures of pons
- transverse fibres - cerebellar peduncles - reticular formation
43
What are transverse fibres
- they help send messages between the pons and cerebellum - make up cerebellar peduncles
44
What are cerebellar peduncles
- made of transverse fibres that connect pons to cerebellum
45
What is the reticular formation
involved w/ sleep and motor function
46
What is the function of midbrain
act as a relay station for visual and auditory information
47
Where is the superior and inferior colliculus found
midbrain
48
What is the function of the superior colliculus
- processes visual information and eye movement
49
What is the function of inferior colliculus
- processes auditory information
50
Where is the main structures found in the midbrain
- superior & inferior colliculi - substantia nigra - red nucleus - cerebral peduncles
51
What is the function of substantia nigra
produces dopamine & motor coordination
52
What is the function of red nucleus
motor coordination
53
What is the function of cerebral peduncles
carry motor signals
54
What is the function of the cerebellum
- posture - coordinating & planning limb movements - controls eye movement
55
Where are the cerebral hemispheres found
forebrain
56
what is the function of cerebral hemispheres
coordination and balance
57
How is the cerebellum organised
into lobes (3)
58
What are the 3 lobes of cerebellum
- anterior - posterior - flocculonodular
59
What is the function of anterior lobe
involves in posture control
60
What is the function of posterior lobe
coordination & planning of limb movements
61
What is the function of flocculonodular lobe
involved in eye movement control
62
What connects the the left and right hemispheres of cerebellum
vermis
63
What are features of cerebellum
- highly folded
64
What is the function of the thalamus
- relays sensory information to cortex (except olfactory) - involved w/ sleep, memory & consciousness
65
What joins the 2 thalami together
thalamic adhesion
66
What is the function of the hypothalamus
- involved in homeostasis - coordinates ANS and endocrine system
67
What 2 glands are near the hypothalamus
- pineal gland (produces melatonin) - pituitary gland (endocrine gland)

Principles of Med Neuroscience (12 decks)

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