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Principles of Med Neuroscience > L.3 > Flashcards

L.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurulation

A

neural plate folds to form the neural tube

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2
Q

When does neurulation happen

A

early embryonic development (first 3 weeks)

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3
Q

What is the neural tube

A

precursor of CNS

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4
Q

Outline how neurulation happens

A
  1. mesoderm cells form notochord
  2. notochord induces thickening of ectoderm cells
  3. forms neural plate
  4. neural plate folds inwards into neural tube
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5
Q

What are neural crest cells

A

they migrate into PNS to differentiate

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6
Q

Name 2 types of neural tube defects

A
  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
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7
Q

What is the cause of anencephaly

A

improper closure of the anterior neural tube to close

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of spina bifida

A
  • Spina bifida occulta
  • Spina bifida cystica
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9
Q

What is the overall cause of Spina bifida

A

improper closure of posterior neural tube to close

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10
Q

Consequence of spina bifida occulta

A

no visible sac & less severe

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11
Q

Consequence of spina bifida cystica

A

visible sac (meninges out) & severe

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
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13
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles

A
  • prosencephalon: telencephalon & diecephalon
  • mesencephalon stays the same
  • rhombencephalon: metencephalon & myelencephalon
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14
Q

What does the telencephalon represent

A

cerebral hemisphere

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15
Q

What does the diencephalon represent

A

thalamus & hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does the mesencephalon represent

A

midbrain

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17
Q

What does the metencephalon represent

A

pons and cerebellum

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18
Q

What does the myelencephalon represent

A

medulla

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19
Q

What are flexure developments

A

when the primary vesicles bend to develop the secondary brain vesicles (the space is limited) – causes flexures

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20
Q

What are the 3 main flexures

A
  • cephalic
  • cervical
  • pontine
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21
Q

What is the spinal cord made of

A

white and grey matter

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22
Q

What is white matter:

A

myelinated axons

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23
Q

What is grey matter

A

neural cell bodies

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24
Q

What are the main functions of the spinal cord

A
  • carries sensory information to the brain and motor information from the brain
  • autonomic functions (reflexes)
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25
Q

Where does the spinal cord end

A

conus medullaris (below L1)

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26
Q

What is the lumbar cistern

A

space below conus medullaris filled w/ CSF & where cauda equina is located

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27
Q

What is the conus equina

A

dorsal and ventral nerves exit below conus medullaris (supply the lower body)

28
Q

What is the terminal filum

A

anchors the conus medullaris to coccyx

29
Q

what is the cervical enlargement

A

provides nerves to upper limbs

30
Q

what is the lumbosacral enlargement

A

provides nerves to lower limbs

31
Q

why are the cervical and lumbosacral enlargement bigger

A

there are more nerves

32
Q

How many pairs of nerves branch from spinal cord

A

31

33
Q

how is blood supplied to spinal cord

A
  • anterior and posterior spinal arteries
  • segmentary spinal arteries
34
Q

How is the spinal cord protected

A
  • dura = outermost layer of spinal cord
  • it runs via a vertebral canal
35
Q

What is the function of the brainstem

A
  • relay centre for sensory and motor information
  • control ANS + vital involuntary functions (CVS, breathing, vomiting, digestion, blood pressure)
36
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the brainstem

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrain
37
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

controls vital autonomic functions

38
Q

What are 2 important strictures of medulla

A
  • pyramid and olive
39
Q

What is the function of pyramid in medulla

A

controls all skeletal muscles

40
Q

What is the function of olive in medulla

A

relay centre between medulla and cerebellum

41
Q

What is the function of pons

A

relays information to brainstem and cerebellum

42
Q

What are the 3 main structures of pons

A
  • transverse fibres
  • cerebellar peduncles
  • reticular formation
43
Q

What are transverse fibres

A
  • they help send messages between the pons and cerebellum
  • make up cerebellar peduncles
44
Q

What are cerebellar peduncles

A
  • made of transverse fibres that connect pons to cerebellum
45
Q

What is the reticular formation

A

involved w/ sleep and motor function

46
Q

What is the function of midbrain

A

act as a relay station for visual and auditory information

47
Q

Where is the superior and inferior colliculus found

A

midbrain

48
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus

A
  • processes visual information and eye movement
49
Q

What is the function of inferior colliculus

A
  • processes auditory information
50
Q

Where is the main structures found in the midbrain

A
  • superior & inferior colliculi
  • substantia nigra
  • red nucleus
  • cerebral peduncles
51
Q

What is the function of substantia nigra

A

produces dopamine & motor coordination

52
Q

What is the function of red nucleus

A

motor coordination

53
Q

What is the function of cerebral peduncles

A

carry motor signals

54
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A
  • posture
  • coordinating & planning limb movements
  • controls eye movement
55
Q

Where are the cerebral hemispheres found

A

forebrain

56
Q

what is the function of cerebral hemispheres

A

coordination and balance

57
Q

How is the cerebellum organised

A

into lobes (3)

58
Q

What are the 3 lobes of cerebellum

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • flocculonodular
59
Q

What is the function of anterior lobe

A

involves in posture control

60
Q

What is the function of posterior lobe

A

coordination & planning of limb movements

61
Q

What is the function of flocculonodular lobe

A

involved in eye movement control

62
Q

What connects the the left and right hemispheres of cerebellum

A

vermis

63
Q

What are features of cerebellum

A
  • highly folded
64
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A
  • relays sensory information to cortex (except olfactory)
  • involved w/ sleep, memory & consciousness
65
Q

What joins the 2 thalami together

A

thalamic adhesion

66
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A
  • involved in homeostasis
  • coordinates ANS and endocrine system
67
Q

What 2 glands are near the hypothalamus

A
  • pineal gland (produces melatonin)
  • pituitary gland (endocrine gland)

Principles of Med Neuroscience (6 decks)

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